lt: Annotated[
        Optional[float],
        Doc(
            """
            Less than. If set, value must be less than this. Only applicable to numbers.
            """
        ),
    ] = None,
    le: Annotated[
        Optional[float],
        Doc(
            """
            Less than or equal. If set, value must be less than or equal to this.
            Only applicable to numbers.
            """
        ),

# How To - Recipes

Here you will see different recipes or "how to" guides for **several topics**.

Most of these ideas would be more or less **independent**, and in most cases you should only need to study them if they apply directly to **your project**.

If something seems interesting and useful to your project, go ahead and check it, but otherwise, you might probably just skip them.

!!! tip

# Testing a Database

!!! info
    These docs are about to be updated. 🎉

    The current version assumes Pydantic v1, and SQLAlchemy versions less than 2.0.

    The new docs will include Pydantic v2 and will use <a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLModel</a> (which is also based on SQLAlchemy) once it is updated to use Pydantic v2 as well.

* **Uvicorn**:
    * Will have the best performance, as it doesn't have much extra code apart from the server itself.
    * You wouldn't write an application in Uvicorn directly. That would mean that your code would have to include more or less, at least, all the code provided by Starlette (or **FastAPI**). And if you did that, your final application would have the same overhead as having used a framework and minimizing your app code and bugs.

```

that would mean that you would use exactly the version `0.45.0`.

Or you could also pin it with:

```txt
fastapi>=0.45.0,<0.46.0
```

that would mean that you would use the versions `0.45.0` or above, but less than `0.46.0`, for example, a version `0.45.2` would still be accepted.

, `0.5` 🔜 ☑ 💲. ✋️ `0.0` ⚖️ `0` 🔜 🚫.

&amp; 🎏 <abbr title="less than"><code>lt</code></abbr>.

```Python hl_lines="11"
{!../../../docs_src/path_params_numeric_validations/tutorial006.py!}
```

## 🌃

But still, FastAPI got quite some inspiration from Requests.

**Requests** is a library to *interact* with APIs (as a client), while **FastAPI** is a library to *build* APIs (as a server).

They are, more or less, at opposite ends, complementing each other.

Requests has a very simple and intuitive design, it's very easy to use, with sensible defaults. But at the same time, it's very powerful and customizable.

    assert response.status_code == 422
    assert response.json() == IsDict(
        {
            "detail": [
                {
                    "type": "less_than",
                    "loc": ["path", "item_id"],
                    "msg": "Input should be less than 3",
                    "input": "42",
                    "ctx": {"lt": 3.0},
                }
            ]
        }
    ) | IsDict(

So we create a new `dict`, that contains the key-value pairs from `note.dict()` with:

```Python
{**note.dict()}
```

`**note.dict()` "unpacks" the key value pairs directly, so, `{**note.dict()}` would be, more or less, a copy of `note.dict()`.

And then, we extend that copy `dict`, adding another key-value pair: `"id": last_record_id`:

```Python
{**note.dict(), "id": last_record_id}
```

{% endfor %}
{% endif %}

## About the data - technical details

The main intention of this page is to highlight the effort of the community to help others.

Especially including efforts that are normally less visible, and in many cases more arduous, like helping others with questions and reviewing Pull Requests with translations.