- application_state
            - receive
            - send
            - accept
            - receive_text
            - receive_bytes
            - receive_json
            - iter_text
            - iter_bytes
            - iter_json
            - send_text
            - send_bytes
            - send_json
            - close

When a client disconnects, a `WebSocketDisconnect` exception is raised, you can catch it.

    }


def test_encode_dataclass():
    item = Item(name="foo", count=100)
    assert jsonable_encoder(item) == {"name": "foo", "count": 100}
    assert jsonable_encoder(item, include={"name"}) == {"name": "foo"}
    assert jsonable_encoder(item, exclude={"count"}) == {"name": "foo"}
    assert jsonable_encoder(item, include={}) == {}
    assert jsonable_encoder(item, exclude={}) == {"name": "foo", "count": 100}

            - application_state
            - receive
            - send
            - accept
            - receive_text
            - receive_bytes
            - receive_json
            - iter_text
            - iter_bytes
            - iter_json
            - send_text
            - send_bytes
            - send_json
            - close

}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
    return items[item_id]


@app.patch("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
    stored_item_data = items[item_id]
    stored_item_model = Item(**stored_item_data)
    update_data = item.dict(exclude_unset=True)
    updated_item = stored_item_model.copy(update=update_data)

}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
    return items[item_id]


@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
    update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
    items[item_id] = update_item_encoded

}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def read_item(item_id: str):
    return items[item_id]


@app.put("/items/{item_id}", response_model=Item)
async def update_item(item_id: str, item: Item):
    update_item_encoded = jsonable_encoder(item)
    items[item_id] = update_item_encoded

@app.get("/starlette-items/{item_id}")
async def read_starlette_item(item_id: str):
    if item_id not in items:
        raise StarletteHTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Item not found")
    return {"item": items[item_id]}


client = TestClient(app)


def test_get_item():
    response = client.get("/items/foo")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    *,
    item_id: int = Path(title="The ID of the item to get", ge=0, le=1000),
    q: str | None = None,
    item: Item | None = None,
):
    results = {"item_id": item_id}
    if q:

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    item_id: Annotated[int, Path(title="The ID of the item to get", ge=0, le=1000)],
    q: str | None = None,
    item: Item | None = None,
):
    results = {"item_id": item_id}
    if q:

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: Union[str, None] = None
    price: float
    tax: Union[float, None] = None
    tags: Set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", response_model=Item, summary="Create an item")
async def create_item(item: Item):
    """
    Create an item with all the information:

    - **name**: each item must have a name