# Async Tests

You have already seen how to test your **FastAPI** applications using the provided `TestClient`. Up to now, you have only seen how to write synchronous tests, without using `async` functions.

<blockquote markdown="1">

**FastAPI** wouldn't exist if not for the previous work of others.

There have been many tools created before that have helped inspire its creation.

I have been avoiding the creation of a new framework for several years. First I tried to solve all the features covered by **FastAPI** using many different frameworks, plug-ins, and tools.

If you have ktlint errors, you can automatically fix them by running `mvn com.github.gantsign.maven:ktlint-maven-plugin:1.1.1:format`.

## How the configuration works

We use Kotlin portable DSL to store TeamCity configuration, which means you can easily create a new pipeline
based on a specific branch. Currently, we have two pipelines: `master` and `release`, but you can easily create

# Extra Models

Continuing with the previous example, it will be common to have more than one related model.

This is especially the case for user models, because:

* The **input model** needs to be able to have a password.
* The **output model** should not have a password.
* The **database model** would probably need to have a hashed password.

!!! danger
    Never store user's plaintext passwords. Always store a "secure hash" that you can then verify.

To see all the options you have, checkout the docs for <a href="https://docs.pydantic.dev/latest/concepts/types/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Pydantic's exotic types</a>. You will see some examples in the next chapter.

For example, as in the `Image` model we have a `url` field, we can declare it to be an instance of Pydantic's `HttpUrl` instead of a `str`:

In this case, you could want to document how that external API *should* look like. What *path operation* it should have, what body it should expect, what response it should return, etc.

## An app with callbacks

Let's see all this with an example.

Imagine you develop an app that allows creating invoices.

These invoices will have an `id`, `title` (optional), `customer`, and `total`.

To install the chart with the release name `istio-base`:

```console
kubectl create namespace istio-system
helm install istio-base istio/base -n istio-system
```

### Profiles

Istio Helm charts have a concept of a `profile`, which is a bundled collection of value presets.
These can be set with `--set profile=<profile>`.

      .isEqualTo(CipherSuite.TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA256.javaName)
  }

  /**
   * On the Oracle JVM some older cipher suites have the "SSL_" prefix and others have the "TLS_"
   * prefix. On the IBM JVM all cipher suites have the "SSL_" prefix.
   *
   * Prior to OkHttp 3.3.1 we accepted either form and consider them equivalent. And since OkHttp

### High availability

A stand-alone MinIO server would go down if the server hosting the drives goes offline. In contrast, a distributed MinIO setup with _m_ servers and _n_ drives will have your data safe as long as _m/2_ servers or _m*n_/2 or more drives are online.

# Extra Data Types

Up to now, you have been using common data types, like:

* `int`
* `float`
* `str`
* `bool`

But you can also use more complex data types.

And you will still have the same features as seen up to now:

* Great editor support.
* Data conversion from incoming requests.
* Data conversion for response data.
* Data validation.
* Automatic annotation and documentation.

## Other data types