// computations.
  void PushState() { call_state_.emplace(nullptr, false); }
  void PopState() { call_state_.pop(); }

 private:
  // Helper for Accumulate: uses a GradientTape to compute forward gradients
  // from a backward gradient function. Fills `out_grads` corresponding to
  // `output_tensors`. `out_grads` must not be null.
  //