Nevertheless, although we are not using the default integrated functionality, we are still using a Pydantic model to manually generate the JSON Schema for the data that we want to receive in YAML.

Then we use the request directly, and extract the body as `bytes`. This means that FastAPI won't even try to parse the request payload as JSON.

    // Fail fast on a null. We throw NPE here because the contract of Executor states that it throws
    // NPE on null listener, so we propagate that contract up into the add method as well.
    checkNotNull(runnable, "Runnable was null.");
    checkNotNull(executor, "Executor was null.");

    // Lock while we check state. We must maintain the lock while adding the new pair so that

So, if we create a Pydantic object `user_in` like:

```Python
user_in = UserIn(username="john", password="secret", email="******@****.***")
```

and then we call:

```Python
user_dict = user_in.dict()
```

we now have a `dict` with the data in the variable `user_dict` (it's a `dict` instead of a Pydantic model object).

And if we call:

```Python
print(user_dict)
```

	m, fds := readRequest(t, ztunClient)
	// we got am essage from ztun, so it should have observed us being connected
	mt.Assert(ztunnelConnected.Name(), nil, monitortest.Exactly(1))

	// we should get the fd to dev null. note that we can't assert the fd number
	// as the kernel may have given us a different number that refers to the same file.
	assert.Equal(t, len(fds), 1)
	// in theory we should close the fd, but it's just a test..

Complex logic ahead...
We have three sets of values, in order of precedence (last wins):
1. The builtin values.yaml defaults
2. The profile the user selects
3. Users input (-f or --set)

Unfortunately, Helm provides us (1) and (3) together (as .Values), making it hard to insert (2).

However, we can workaround this by placing all of (1) under a specific key (.Values.defaults).

    WeakReference<? extends Enum<?>> ref = Enums.getEnumConstants(enumClass).get(value);
    /*
     * We use `fromNullable` instead of `of` because `WeakReference.get()` has a nullable return
     * type.
     *
     * In practice, we are very unlikely to see `null`: The `WeakReference` to the enum constant

          if (rule.startsWith(EXCEPTION_RULE_MARKER)) {
            rule = rule.substring(1)
            // We use '\n' for end of value.
            totalExceptionRuleBytes += rule.size + 1
            sortedExceptionRules.add(rule)
          } else {
            totalRuleBytes += rule.size + 1 // We use '\n' for end of value.
            sortedRules.add(rule)
          }
        }
      }

         * unique within a single POM. Upon multiple declarations, 2.x just kept the last one but retained the order of
         * the first occurrence. So when we're in lenient/compat mode, we have to deal with such broken POMs and mimic
         * the way 2.x works. When we're in strict mode, the removal of duplicates just saves other merging steps from
         * aftereffects and bogus error messages.
         */

In our code example above, we don't use it directly, but we pass it to FastAPI for it to use it.

The `lifespan` parameter of the `FastAPI` app takes an **async context manager**, so we can pass our new `lifespan` async context manager to it.

```Python hl_lines="22"
{!../../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py!}
```

Complex logic ahead...
We have three sets of values, in order of precedence (last wins):
1. The builtin values.yaml defaults
2. The profile the user selects
3. Users input (-f or --set)

Unfortunately, Helm provides us (1) and (3) together (as .Values), making it hard to insert (2).

However, we can workaround this by placing all of (1) under a specific key (.Values.defaults).