* Make sure you have well defined Pydantic models for your request bodies and responses.
* Configure any required permissions and roles using dependencies.
* Never store plaintext passwords, only password hashes.
* Implement and use well-known cryptographic tools, like Passlib and JWT tokens, etc.
* Add more granular permission controls with OAuth2 scopes where needed.
* ...etc.

    * If the token contains `foobar`, the content of the `Authorization` header would be: `Bearer foobar`.

## **FastAPI**'s `OAuth2PasswordBearer`

**FastAPI** provides several tools, at different levels of abstraction, to implement these security features.

In this example we are going to use **OAuth2**, with the **Password** flow, using a **Bearer** token. We do that using the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class.

!!! info

But it provides you the tools to simplify the process as much as possible without compromising flexibility, robustness, or security.

And you can use and implement secure, standard protocols, like OAuth2 in a relatively simple way.

### We Make Mistakes

We, as humans, make **mistakes**, all the time. Software almost *always* has **bugs** hidden in different places. 🐛

And we as developers keep improving the code as we find those bugs and as we implement new features (possibly adding new bugs too 😅).

### Small Errors Automatically Handled

Vous et votre crush 😍 mangez les burgers 🍔 et passez un bon moment ✨.

---

Imaginez que vous êtes l'ordinateur / le programme 🤖 dans cette histoire.

Pendant que vous faites la queue, vous être simplement inactif 😴, attendant votre tour, ne faisant rien de "productif". Mais la queue est rapide car le serveur 💁 prend seulement les commandes (et ne les prépare pas), donc tout va bien.

* Add link to Chinese article in [External Links](https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/external-links/). PR [810](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/810) by [@wxq0309](https://github.com/wxq0309).
* Implement `OAuth2AuthorizationCodeBearer` class. PR [#797](https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/pull/797) by [@kuwv](https://github.com/kuwv).

    * If you didn't use FastAPI and used Starlette directly (or another tool, like Sanic, Flask, Responder, etc) you would have to implement all the data validation and serialization yourself. So, your final application would still have the same overhead as if it was built using FastAPI. And in many cases, this data validation and serialization is the biggest amount of code written in...

## À propos de Starlette

Vous ne devriez pas épingler la version de `starlette`.

Différentes versions de **FastAPI** utiliseront une version spécifique plus récente de Starlette.

Ainsi, vous pouvez simplement laisser **FastAPI** utiliser la bonne version de Starlette.

## À propos de Pydantic

Pydantic inclut des tests pour **FastAPI** avec ses propres tests, ainsi les nouvelles versions de Pydantic (au-dessus

### <a href="https://www.hug.rest/" class="external-link" target="_blank">Hug</a>

Hug was one of the first frameworks to implement the declaration of API parameter types using Python type hints. This was a great idea that inspired other tools to do the same.

# À propos de HTTPS

Il est facile de penser que HTTPS peut simplement être "activé" ou non.

Mais c'est beaucoup plus complexe que cela.

!!! tip
    Si vous êtes pressé ou si cela ne vous intéresse pas, passez aux sections suivantes pour obtenir des instructions étape par étape afin de tout configurer avec différentes techniques.

Pour apprendre les bases du HTTPS, du point de vue d'un utilisateur, consultez <a href="https://howhttps.works/"