Exception cause2 = new RuntimeException("loop") {
            @Override
            public synchronized Throwable getCause() {
                return causeRef.get();
            }
        };
        causeRef.set(cause2);

        Plugin plugin = new Plugin();
        Exception cause = new PluginContainerException(plugin, null, null, cause2);
        cause2.initCause(cause);

 * but at Maven runtime it MAY actually use that service.
 *
 * @since 4.0.0
 */
public interface ModelVersionParser {

    /**
     * Parses the specified version string, for example "1.0".
     *
     * @param version the version string to parse, must not be {@code null}
     * @return the parsed version, never {@code null}

     *
     * @return the location of the problem, never {@code null}
     */
    @Nonnull
    String getLocation();

    /**
     * Gets the exception that caused this problem (if any).
     *
     * @return the exception that caused this problem or {@code null} if not applicable
     */
    @Nullable
    Exception getException();

    /**
     * Gets the message that describes this problem.
     *

FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED
AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING
IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED

 with its <<<DefaultArtifact>>> implementation ({{{./xref/org/apache/maven/artifact/DefaultArtifact.html}source}}).

 The jar file is executable and provides a little tool to display how Maven parses and compares versions:

+----+
$ java -jar maven-artifact-*.jar 3.2.4-alpha-1 3.2.4-SNAPSHOT 3.2.4.0
Display parameters as parsed by Maven (in canonical form) and comparison result:
1. 3.2.4-alpha-1 == 3.2.4.alpha.1

     * Gets the current mojo execution (if any).
     *
     * @return The current mojo execution or {@code null} if not applicable.
     */
    MojoExecution getMojoExecution();

    /**
     * Gets the exception that caused the event (if any).
     *
     * @return The exception or {@code null} if none.
     */
    Exception getException();

 * artifactId, and version for the plugin; at times, the goal name for which
 * execution failed; a message detailing the problem; the ClassRealm used to
 * look up the plugin; and the Plexus exception that caused this error.
 *
 *
 */
public class PluginContainerException extends PluginManagerException {

    private ClassRealm pluginRealm;

    public PluginContainerException(

        // execute
        ToolchainPrivate[] toolchains = toolchainManager.getToolchainsForType("unknown", session);

        // verify
        verify(logger).error("Missing toolchain factory for type: unknown. Possibly caused by misconfigured project.");
        assertEquals(0, toolchains.length);
    }

    @Test
    void testToolchainsForConfiguredType() throws Exception {
        // prepare

        List<Toolchain> toolchains = toolchainManager.getToolchains(session, "unknown", null);

        assertEquals(0, toolchains.size());
        verify(logger).error("Missing toolchain factory for type: unknown. Possibly caused by misconfigured project.");
    }

    @Test
    void testModelAndFactory() {
        MavenSession session = mock(MavenSession.class);
        MavenExecutionRequest executionRequest = new DefaultMavenExecutionRequest();

     */
    @Nonnull
    List<Version> resolveVersionRange(@Nonnull ArtifactCoordinate artifact);

    /**
     * Parses the specified version string, for example "1.0".
     * <p>
     * Shortcut for {@code getService(VersionParser.class).parseVersion(...)}.
     *
     * @param version the version string to parse