return StringUtil.EMPTY; // empty
        }

        final int[] spaceChars = getSpaceChars();
        try (final Reader reader = new StringReader(title)) {
            return TextUtil.normalizeText(reader).initialCapacity(title.length()).spaceChars(spaceChars).execute();
        } catch (final IOException e) {
            return StringUtil.EMPTY; // empty
        }
    }

    /**