PairedStats stats = createPairedStatsOf(values.asIterable(), OTHER_MANY_VALUES);
      LinearTransformation fit = stats.leastSquaresFit();
      if (values.hasAnyNonFinite()) {
        assertLinearTransformationNaN(fit);
      } else {
        assertDiagonalLinearTransformation(
            fit,
            stats.xStats().mean(),
            stats.yStats().mean(),
            stats.xStats().populationVariance(),

      PairedStats stats = createPairedStatsOf(values.asIterable(), OTHER_MANY_VALUES);
      LinearTransformation fit = stats.leastSquaresFit();
      if (values.hasAnyNonFinite()) {
        assertLinearTransformationNaN(fit);
      } else {
        assertDiagonalLinearTransformation(
            fit,
            stats.xStats().mean(),
            stats.yStats().mean(),
            stats.xStats().populationVariance(),

      LinearTransformation fit = accumulator.leastSquaresFit();
      LinearTransformation fitByAddAllPartitionedPairedStats =
          accumulatorByAddAllPartitionedPairedStats.leastSquaresFit();
      if (values.hasAnyNonFinite()) {
        assertLinearTransformationNaN(fit);
        assertLinearTransformationNaN(fitByAddAllPartitionedPairedStats);
      } else {

        history.add(LlmMessage.user("A".repeat(20))); // 20 chars - won't fit
        history.add(LlmMessage.user("Q2")); // 2 chars
        history.add(LlmMessage.assistant("A2")); // 2 chars
        final LlmChatRequest request = new LlmChatRequest();
        client.testAddIntentHistory(request, history);
        // Budget=10: A2(2), Q2(4) fit, then A*20 breaks => only Q2, A2
        assertEquals(2, request.getMessages().size());

    // Ordinarily we'd use something like i += Character.charCount(string.codePointAt(i)) here. But
    // we can get away with i++ because the whole point of this method is to return false if we find
    // a code point that doesn't fit in a char.
    for (int i = 0; i < string.length(); i++) {
      if (string.codePointAt(i) > 0xffff) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  }

  @SuppressWarnings("deprecation")

import junit.framework.TestCase;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Supplemental tests for {@link Monitor}.
 *
 * <p>This test class contains various test cases that don't fit into the test case generation in
 * {@link GeneratedMonitorTest}.
 *
 * @author Justin T. Sampson
 */
@NullUnmarked
@GwtIncompatible
@J2ktIncompatible
public class SupplementalMonitorTest extends TestCase {

import junit.framework.TestCase;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Supplemental tests for {@link Monitor}.
 *
 * <p>This test class contains various test cases that don't fit into the test case generation in
 * {@link GeneratedMonitorTest}.
 *
 * @author Justin T. Sampson
 */
@NullUnmarked
@GwtIncompatible
@J2ktIncompatible
public class SupplementalMonitorTest extends TestCase {

    }
  }

  /**
   * Sets {@code table[index]} to {@code entry}, where {@code table} is actually a {@code byte[]},
   * {@code short[]}, or {@code int[]}. The value of {@code entry} should fit in the size of the
   * assigned array element, when seen as an unsigned value. So if {@code table} is a {@code byte[]}
   * then we should have {@code 0 ≤ entry ≤ 255}, and if {@code table} is a {@code short[]} then we

            if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
                logger.debug("[RAG:ANSWER] Newest history message truncated to fit budget. originalLength={}, truncatedLength={}",
                        newest.getContent().length(), truncated.length());
            }
        } else {
            logger.warn("[RAG:ANSWER] History truncated to fit context window. originalSize={}, budgetChars={}", history.size(),
                    budgetChars);
        }

        int logFloor = (Integer.SIZE - 1) - leadingZeros;
        return logFloor + lessThanBranchFree(cmp, x);
    }
    throw new AssertionError();
  }

  /** The biggest half power of two that can fit in an unsigned int. */
  @VisibleForTesting static final int MAX_POWER_OF_SQRT2_UNSIGNED = 0xB504F333;

  /**
   * Returns the base-10 logarithm of {@code x}, rounded according to the specified rounding mode.
   *