@Override
        public String toString() {
          return "ByteStreams.nullOutputStream()";
        }
      };

  /**
   * Returns an {@link OutputStream} that simply discards written bytes.
   *
   * <p><b>Java 11+ users:</b> use {@link OutputStream#nullOutputStream()} instead. Note that the
   * {@link ByteStreams} method returns a singleton stream whose {@code close} method has no effect,

    OutputStream out = sink.openStream();
    try {
      ByteStreams.copy(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), out);
    } finally {
      out.close();
    }

    assertContainsExpectedBytes();
  }

  public void testOpenBufferedStream() throws IOException {
    OutputStream out = sink.openBufferedStream();
    try {
      ByteStreams.copy(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), out);
    } finally {
      out.close();

    OutputStream out = sink.openStream();
    try {
      ByteStreams.copy(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), out);
    } finally {
      out.close();
    }

    assertContainsExpectedBytes();
  }

  public void testOpenBufferedStream() throws IOException {
    OutputStream out = sink.openBufferedStream();
    try {
      ByteStreams.copy(new ByteArrayInputStream(data), out);
    } finally {
      out.close();

    Closer closer = Closer.create();
    try {
      InputStream in = closer.register(openStream());
      Optional<Long> size = sizeIfKnown();
      return size.isPresent()
          ? ByteStreams.toByteArray(in, size.get())
          : ByteStreams.toByteArray(in);
    } catch (Throwable e) {
      throw closer.rethrow(e);
    } finally {
      closer.close();
    }
  }

  /**

import com.google.common.collect.TreeBasedTable;
import com.google.common.collect.TreeMultimap;
import com.google.common.io.ByteSink;
import com.google.common.io.ByteSource;
import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
import com.google.common.io.CharSink;
import com.google.common.io.CharSource;
import com.google.common.primitives.Primitives;
import com.google.common.primitives.UnsignedInteger;

                      }
                    })
                .iterator());
    assertEquals(0, multi.skip(-1));
    assertEquals(0, multi.skip(-1));
    assertEquals(0, multi.skip(0));
    ByteStreams.skipFully(multi, 20);
    assertEquals(20, multi.read());
  }

  public void testReadSingle_noStackOverflow() throws IOException {
    // https://github.com/google/guava/issues/2996

import com.google.common.collect.TreeBasedTable;
import com.google.common.collect.TreeMultimap;
import com.google.common.io.ByteSink;
import com.google.common.io.ByteSource;
import com.google.common.io.ByteStreams;
import com.google.common.io.CharSink;
import com.google.common.io.CharSource;
import com.google.common.primitives.Primitives;
import com.google.common.primitives.UnsignedInteger;

                      }
                    })
                .iterator());
    assertEquals(0, multi.skip(-1));
    assertEquals(0, multi.skip(-1));
    assertEquals(0, multi.skip(0));
    ByteStreams.skipFully(multi, 20);
    assertEquals(20, multi.read());
  }

  public void testReadSingle_noStackOverflow() throws IOException {
    // https://github.com/google/guava/issues/2996

        // See https://github.com/google/guava/issues/3542
        Reader reader = new StringReader(cannotDecode);
        InputStream decodingStream = encoding.decodingStream(reader);
        try {
          ByteStreams.exhaust(decodingStream);
          fail("Expected DecodingException");
        } catch (DecodingException expected) {
          // Don't assert on the expectedMessage; the messages for exceptions thrown from the

   *
   * <p>If you need to convert and concatenate several values (possibly even of different types),
   * use a shared {@link java.nio.ByteBuffer} instance, or use {@link
   * com.google.common.io.ByteStreams#newDataOutput()} to get a growable buffer.
   */
  @GwtIncompatible // doesn't work
  public static byte[] toByteArray(char value) {
    return new byte[] {(byte) (value >> 8), (byte) value};
  }

  /**