assertEquals(errorMessage, e.getMessage());
        assertNull(e.getCause());
    }

    /**
     * Test the constructor with a cause.
     */
    @Test
    void testCauseConstructor() {
        Throwable cause = new RuntimeException("Root cause");
        PACDecodingException e = new PACDecodingException(cause);

        assertNull(exception.getCause(), "Cause should be null");
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Cause constructor should create exception with cryptographic cause")
    void testCauseConstructor() {
        // Given
        NoSuchAlgorithmException cause = new NoSuchAlgorithmException("AES-GCM algorithm not available");

        // When