}

    public static void staticOneArgCheckForNullThrowsNpe(@CheckForNull String s) {
      checkNotNull(s); // doesn't check if you said you'd accept null, but you don't
    }

    public static void staticOneArgNullableThrowsNpe(@Nullable String s) {
      checkNotNull(s); // doesn't check if you said you'd accept null, but you don't
    }

    public void oneArgCorrectlyThrowsNpe(String s) {

As part of that, I needed to investigate, test and use many alternatives.

The history of **FastAPI** is in great part the history of its predecessors.

As said in the section [Alternatives](alternatives.md){.internal-link target=_blank}:

<blockquote markdown="1">

**FastAPI** wouldn't exist if not for the previous work of others.

* **Run as a server** (at least during the certificate acquisition process) on the public IP address associated with the domain.
    * As we said above, only one process can be listening on a specific IP and port.
    * This is one of the reasons why it's very useful when the same TLS Termination Proxy also takes care of the certificate renewal process.

## Query parameter list / multiple values { #query-parameter-list-multiple-values }

When you define a query parameter explicitly with `Query` you can also declare it to receive a list of values, or said in another way, to receive multiple values.

For example, to declare a query parameter `q` that can appear multiple times in the URL, you can write:

   *
   * 2. `other[size] = null` is unsound. We could "fix" this by requiring callers to pass in an
   * array with a nullable element type. But probably they usually want an array with a non-nullable
   * type. That said, we could *accept* a `@Nullable T[]` (which, given that we treat arrays as
   * covariant, would still permit a plain `T[]`) and return a plain `T[]`. But of course that would

   *
   * 2. `other[size] = null` is unsound. We could "fix" this by requiring callers to pass in an
   * array with a nullable element type. But probably they usually want an array with a non-nullable
   * type. That said, we could *accept* a `@Nullable T[]` (which, given that we treat arrays as
   * covariant, would still permit a plain `T[]`) and return a plain `T[]`. But of course that would

   * result in more-than-ideal collisions for a non-uniformly distributed key space. In practice,
   * most key spaces are ANYTHING BUT uniformly distributed. A bit(i) in the input is said to
   * 'affect' a bit(j) in the output if two inputs, identical but for bit(i), will differ at output
   * bit(j) about half the time
   *

         * However, we don't expose currentFuture to users, so they can't attach listeners. And the
         * Future might not even be a ListenableFuture, just a plain Future. That said, similar
         * problems can exist with methods like FutureTask.done(), not to mention slow calls to
         * Thread.interrupt() (as discussed in InterruptibleTask). At the end of the day, it's

     * behavior, so it knows that `convert(a)` returns a non-nullable value, and we don't need to
     * perform even a cast, much less a runtime check.
     *
     * All that said, don't forget that everyone should call converter.convert() instead of
     * converter.apply(), anyway. If clients use only converter.convert(), then their nullness

         * However, we don't expose currentFuture to users, so they can't attach listeners. And the
         * Future might not even be a ListenableFuture, just a plain Future. That said, similar
         * problems can exist with methods like FutureTask.done(), not to mention slow calls to
         * Thread.interrupt() (as discussed in InterruptibleTask). At the end of the day, it's