interface Backend {
    fun nanoTime(): Long

    fun coordinatorNotify(taskRunner: TaskRunner)

    fun coordinatorWait(
      taskRunner: TaskRunner,
      nanos: Long,
    )

    fun <T> decorate(queue: BlockingQueue<T>): BlockingQueue<T>

    fun execute(
      taskRunner: TaskRunner,
      runnable: Runnable,
    )
  }

  class RealBackend(
    threadFactory: ThreadFactory,

And it also includes a default exception handler for it.

To override it, import the `RequestValidationError` and use it with `@app.exception_handler(RequestValidationError)` to decorate the exception handler.

The exception handler will receive a `Request` and the exception.

{* ../../docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py hl[2,14:16] *}

* <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/contextlib.html#contextlib.asynccontextmanager" class="external-link" target="_blank">`@contextlib.asynccontextmanager`</a>

using them to decorate a function with a single `yield`.

That's what **FastAPI** uses internally for dependencies with `yield`.

But you don't have to use the decorators for FastAPI dependencies (and you shouldn't).

You put it on top of a function. Like a pretty decorative hat (I guess that's where the term came from).

A "decorator" takes the function below and does something with it.

In our case, this decorator tells **FastAPI** that the function below corresponds to the **path** `/` with an **operation** `get`.

It is the "**path operation decorator**".

///

You can also use the other operations:

* `@app.post()`

   * all values for the key are removed, the key and collection are removed
   * from the map.
   *
   * The get method returns a WrappedCollection, which decorates the collection
   * in the map (if the key is present) or an empty collection (if the key is
   * not present). When the collection delegate in the WrappedCollection is

    * You can have deeply **nested JSON** objects and have them all validated and annotated.
* **Extensible**:
    * Pydantic allows custom data types to be defined or you can extend validation with methods on a model decorated with the validator decorator.

#### `lru_cache` Technical Details { #lru-cache-technical-details }

`@lru_cache` modifies the function it decorates to return the same value that was returned the first time, instead of computing it again, executing the code of the function every time.

For those cases, instead of declaring a *path operation function* parameter with `Depends`, you can add a `list` of `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator*.

## Add `dependencies` to the *path operation decorator* { #add-dependencies-to-the-path-operation-decorator }

The *path operation decorator* receives an optional argument `dependencies`.

It should be a `list` of `Depends()`:

///

## Create a middleware { #create-a-middleware }

To create a middleware you use the decorator `@app.middleware("http")` on top of a function.

The middleware function receives:

* The `request`.
* A function `call_next` that will receive the `request` as a parameter.

# Path Operation Configuration { #path-operation-configuration }

There are several parameters that you can pass to your *path operation decorator* to configure it.

/// warning

Notice that these parameters are passed directly to the *path operation decorator*, not to your *path operation function*.

///

## Response Status Code { #response-status-code }

You can define the (HTTP) `status_code` to be used in the response of your *path operation*.