assertEquals("abcd", normalizer.normalize("ａｂｃｄ", null));
        assertEquals("みかん", normalizer.normalize("みかん", null));
        assertEquals("みかん ﾘﾝｺﾞ", normalizer.normalize("みかん　リンゴ", null));
    }

    public void test_AnyLower() {
        ICUNormalizer normalizer = new ICUNormalizer("Any-Lower");
        assertEquals("abcd", normalizer.normalize("ABCD", null));
    }

	s   string
	sep string
	n   int
	a   []string
}

var splittests = []SplitTest{
	{"", "", -1, []string{}},
	{abcd, "a", 0, nil},
	{abcd, "", 2, []string{"a", "bcd"}},
	{abcd, "a", -1, []string{"", "bcd"}},
	{abcd, "z", -1, []string{"abcd"}},
	{abcd, "", -1, []string{"a", "b", "c", "d"}},
	{commas, ",", -1, []string{"1", "2", "3", "4"}},
	{dots, "...", -1, []string{"1", ".2", ".3", ".4"}},

		tests: []testFnc{
			testReadFrom{fileOps{"ab", int64(3), "cde"}, 7, errMissData},
			testRemaining{1, 0},
		},
	}, {
		maker: makeSparse{makeReg{6, "abcde"}, sparseHoles{{2, 3}}, 8},
		tests: []testFnc{
			testReadFrom{fileOps{"ab", int64(3), "cde"}, 8, errUnrefData},
			testRemaining{0, 1},
		},
	}, {

        // Test case 1: Standard padding
        final byte[] data1 = "abc".getBytes();
        assertEquals("YWJj", Base64Util.encode(data1));

        // Test case 2: Single padding
        final byte[] data2 = "abcd".getBytes();
        assertEquals("YWJjZA==", Base64Util.encode(data2));

        // Test case 3: Double padding
        final byte[] data3 = "abcde".getBytes();
        assertEquals("YWJjZGU=", Base64Util.encode(data3));

			testRemaining{0, 0},
		},
	}, {
		maker: makeSparse{makeReg{"abcde", 5}, sparseDatas{{1, 3}, {6, 0}, {6, 0}, {6, 2}}, 8},
		tests: []testFnc{
			testRemaining{8, 5},
			testWriteTo{fileOps{int64(1), "abc", int64(2), "de"}, 8, nil},
			testRemaining{0, 0},
		},
	}, {
		maker: makeSparse{makeReg{"abcde", 5}, sparseDatas{{1, 3}, {6, 2}}, 10},
		tests: []testFnc{

        assertEquals("", StringUtil.substringToLast("abc", "c"));
        assertEquals("c", StringUtil.substringToLast("abc", "b"));
        assertEquals("c", StringUtil.substringToLast("abcbc", "b"));
        assertEquals("abc", StringUtil.substringToLast("abc", ""));
        assertEquals("abc", StringUtil.substringToLast("abc", null));
        assertEquals("abc", StringUtil.substringToLast("abc", "dddd"));
    }

    /**

        FullWidthToHalfWidthAlphabetNormalizer normalizer = new FullWidthToHalfWidthAlphabetNormalizer();

        String result = normalizer.normalize("ａｂｃ あいう 123", "field");

        assertEquals("abc あいう 123", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_fullWidthSpacePreserved() throws Exception {

        String result = chain.normalize("ａｂｃ", "field");

        assertEquals("abc", result);
    }

    @Test
    public void test_multipleNormalizers() throws Exception {
        NormalizerChain chain = new NormalizerChain();
        chain.add(new FullWidthToHalfWidthAlphabetNormalizer());
        chain.add(new HankakuKanaToZenkakuKana());

        String result = chain.normalize("ａｂｃ ｶﾞ", "field");

from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
from contextlib import AbstractContextManager
from contextlib import asynccontextmanager as asynccontextmanager
from typing import TypeVar

import anyio.to_thread
from anyio import CapacityLimiter
from starlette.concurrency import iterate_in_threadpool as iterate_in_threadpool  # noqa
from starlette.concurrency import run_in_threadpool as run_in_threadpool  # noqa
from starlette.concurrency import (  # noqa

from collections.abc import Callable

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI, HTTPException, Request, Response
from fastapi.exceptions import RequestValidationError
from fastapi.routing import APIRoute


class ValidationErrorLoggingRoute(APIRoute):
    def get_route_handler(self) -> Callable:
        original_route_handler = super().get_route_handler()

        async def custom_route_handler(request: Request) -> Response:
            try: