* `Field(primary_key=True)` tells SQLModel that the `id` is the **primary key** in the SQL database (you can learn more about SQL primary keys in the SQLModel docs).

    By having the type as `int | None`, SQLModel will know that this column should be an `INTEGER` in the SQL database and that it should be `NULLABLE`.

		db.AddError(ErrUnsupportedDriver)
	}
	return db
}

// Exec executes raw sql
func (db *DB) Exec(sql string, values ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
	tx = db.getInstance()
	tx.Statement.SQL = strings.Builder{}

	if strings.Contains(sql, "@") {
		clause.NamedExpr{SQL: sql, Vars: values}.Build(tx.Statement)
	} else {
		clause.Expr{SQL: sql, Vars: values}.Build(tx.Statement)
	}

	return tx.callbacks.Raw().Execute(tx)

			subdb.Statement.SQL.Reset()
			subdb.Statement.Vars = stmt.Vars
			if strings.Contains(sql, "@") {
				clause.NamedExpr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
			} else {
				clause.Expr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
			}
		} else {
			subdb.Statement.Vars = append(stmt.Vars, subdb.Statement.Vars...)
			subdb.callbacks.Query().Execute(subdb)
		}

		builder.WriteString(subdb.Statement.SQL.String())

		}
	}
	return db.Error
}

// DB returns `*sql.DB`
func (db *DB) DB() (*sql.DB, error) {
	connPool := db.ConnPool
	if db.Statement != nil && db.Statement.ConnPool != nil {
		connPool = db.Statement.ConnPool
	}
	if tx, ok := connPool.(*sql.Tx); ok && tx != nil {
		return (*sql.DB)(reflect.ValueOf(tx).Elem().FieldByName("db").UnsafePointer()), nil
	}

	}

	for _, f := range p.fns {
		f(db)
	}

	if stmt.SQL.Len() > 0 {
		db.Logger.Trace(stmt.Context, curTime, func() (string, int64) {
			sql, vars := stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars
			if filter, ok := db.Logger.(ParamsFilter); ok {
				sql, vars = filter.ParamsFilter(stmt.Context, stmt.SQL.String(), stmt.Vars...)
			}
			return db.Dialector.Explain(sql, vars...), db.RowsAffected
		}, db.Error)
	}

	github.com/HuaweiCloudDeveloper/gaussdb-go v1.0.0-rc1 // indirect
	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.3 // indirect
	github.com/golang-sql/civil v0.0.0-20220223132316-b832511892a9 // indirect
	github.com/golang-sql/sqlexp v0.1.0 // indirect
	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect

					cv.BindVarTo(&bindvar, subdb.Statement, vv)
					sql = strings.Replace(sql, bindvar.String(), "?", 1)
				}

				subdb.Statement.SQL.Reset()
				subdb.Statement.Vars = stmt.Vars
				if strings.Contains(sql, "@") {
					clause.NamedExpr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
				} else {
					clause.Expr{SQL: sql, Vars: vars}.Build(subdb.Statement)
				}
			} else {

# Testing a Database { #testing-a-database }

You can study about databases, SQL, and SQLModel in the <a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/" class="external-link" target="_blank">SQLModel docs</a>. 🤓

There's a mini <a href="https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com/tutorial/fastapi/" class="external-link" target="_blank">tutorial on using SQLModel with FastAPI</a>. ✨

    - 🧰 [SQLModel](https://sqlmodel.tiangolo.com) for the Python SQL database interactions (ORM).
    - 🔍 [Pydantic](https://docs.pydantic.dev), used by FastAPI, for the data validation and settings management.
    - 💾 [PostgreSQL](https://www.postgresql.org) as the SQL database.
- 🚀 [React](https://react.dev) for the frontend.

		Logger: DB.Config.Logger,
		Test: func(ctx context.Context, begin time.Time, fc func() (sql string, rowsAffected int64), err error) {
			sql, _ := fc()
			if strings.HasPrefix(sql, "ALTER TABLE \"migrate_ints\" ALTER COLUMN \"int8\" TYPE smallint") {
				t.Fatalf("shouldn't execute ALTER COLUMN TYPE if such type is already existed in DB schema: sql: %s",
					sql)
			}
		},
	}

	DB.Migrator().DropTable(&MigrateInt{})