* of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the collection fits in the specified
   * array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the
   * specified array and the size of the specified collection.
   *
   * <p>If the collection fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more

   * of the returned array is that of the specified array. If the collection fits in the specified
   * array, it is returned therein. Otherwise, a new array is allocated with the runtime type of the
   * specified array and the size of the specified collection.
   *
   * <p>If the collection fits in the specified array with room to spare (i.e., the array has more

  static final int ARRAY_MASK = 0x0ffff;
  static final Random RANDOM_SOURCE = new Random(314159265358979L);
  static final int MAX_EXPONENT = 100;

  /*
   * Duplicated from LongMath.
   * binomial(biggestBinomials[k], k) fits in a long, but not
   * binomial(biggestBinomials[k] + 1, k).
   */
  static final int[] biggestBinomials = {
    Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    3810779,
    121977,

  static final int ARRAY_MASK = 0x0ffff;
  static final Random RANDOM_SOURCE = new Random(314159265358979L);
  static final int MAX_EXPONENT = 100;

  /*
   * Duplicated from LongMath.
   * binomial(biggestBinomials[k], k) fits in a long, but not
   * binomial(biggestBinomials[k] + 1, k).
   */
  static final int[] biggestBinomials = {
    Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    Integer.MAX_VALUE,
    3810779,
    121977,

        // Given
        byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
        int bodyStart = 0;
        int dataLength = 10;
        // Use a large but safe offset value that fits in signed byte range (120)
        int dataOffsetValue = 120;

        // Write structure
        SMBUtil.writeInt2(17, buffer, bodyStart);
        buffer[bodyStart + 2] = (byte) dataOffsetValue;

     * the inverse of encode.
     */
    @Test
    void decodeFromEncodedBuffer() throws NdrException {
        NdrShort ns = new NdrShort(123); // masked value 123 (already fits in 8 bits)
        buf.reset();
        ns.encode(buf);

        // Reset buffer to start for decoding
        buf.reset();

        // Prepare a new object to decode into

    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test hasMoreElements becomes false when all data is sent")
    void testHasMoreElementsBecomeFalse() {
        // Set small amounts so everything fits in one message
        transaction.setParameterBytesWritten(10);
        transaction.setDataBytesWritten(10);

        // First call processes all data
        transaction.nextElement();

     *
     * @return byte array containing associated data
     */
    public byte[] getAssociatedData() {
        final byte[] aad = new byte[52]; // Use full header size to ensure all data fits
        int index = 0;

        // Protocol ID
        SMBUtil.writeInt4(TRANSFORM_PROTOCOL_ID, aad, index);
        index += 4;

        // Skip signature (16 bytes of zeros for AAD)
        index += 16;

    class RoundTripTests {

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle encode-decode round-trip correctly")
        void testEncodeDecodeRoundTrip() throws NdrException {
            // Given: Original value that fits in byte range
            int originalValue = 150;
            NdrShort ndrShort1 = new NdrShort(originalValue);

            // Create separate mocks for encoding and decoding to simulate real buffer

  public static boolean isPowerOfTwo(long x) {
    return x > 0 & (x & (x - 1)) == 0;
  }

  /**
   * Returns 1 if {@code x < y} as unsigned longs, and 0 otherwise. Assumes that x - y fits into a
   * signed long. The implementation is branch-free, and benchmarks suggest it is measurably faster
   * than the straightforward ternary expression.
   */
  @VisibleForTesting