## Define `File` and `Form` parameters { #define-file-and-form-parameters }

Create file and form parameters the same way you would for `Body` or `Query`:

{* ../../docs_src/request_forms_and_files/tutorial001_an_py39.py hl[10:12] *}

The files and form fields will be uploaded as form data and you will receive the files and form fields.

And you can declare some of the files as `bytes` and some as `UploadFile`.

/// warning

Then set Cookies in it, and then return it:

{* ../../docs_src/response_cookies/tutorial001.py hl[10:12] *}

/// tip

Keep in mind that if you return a response directly instead of using the `Response` parameter, FastAPI will return it directly.

Create a response as described in [Return a Response Directly](response-directly.md){.internal-link target=_blank} and pass the headers as an additional parameter:

{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial001.py hl[10:12] *}

/// note | Technical Details

You could also use `from starlette.responses import Response` or `from starlette.responses import JSONResponse`.

    // separate above
    expected =
        assertThrows(
            IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> range.intersection(Range.closed(10, 12)));
    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().contains("connected");
  }

  public void testGap_overlapping() {
    Range<Integer> range = Range.closedOpen(3, 5);

        in 5..7 -> {
          data.writeByte('\n'.code) // 'data' on a line of its own.
        }

        in 8..9 -> {
          id = source.readUtf8LineStrict().takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
        }

        in 10..12 -> {
          id = null // 'id' on a line of its own.
        }

        in 13..14 -> {
          type = source.readUtf8LineStrict().takeIf { it.isNotEmpty() }
        }

        in 15..17 -> {

    // separate above
    expected =
        assertThrows(
            IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> range.intersection(Range.closed(10, 12)));
    assertThat(expected).hasMessageThat().contains("connected");
  }

  public void testGap_overlapping() {
    Range<Integer> range = Range.closedOpen(3, 5);

     * <li><code>[1.0,2.0]</code> Versions 1.0 to 2.0 (both included)</li>
     * <li><code>[1.5,)</code> Versions 1.5 and higher</li>
     * <li><code>(,1.0],[1.2,)</code> Versions up to 1.0 (included) and 1.2 or higher</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @param spec string representation of a version or version range
     * @return a new {@link VersionRange} object that represents the spec

            SMBUtil.writeInt2(0x03, buffer, 8);
            byte[] salt = { 0x0A, 0x0B };
            System.arraycopy(salt, 0, buffer, 10, 2);

            PreauthIntegrityNegotiateContext context = new PreauthIntegrityNegotiateContext();
            int bytesRead = context.decode(buffer, 0, 12);

            assertEquals(12, bytesRead);
            assertNotNull(context.getHashAlgos());

	// also has expected response data.
	testCases := []struct {
		byteRange      string
		expectedString string
	}{
		// request for byte range 10-11.
		// expecting the result to contain only putContent[10:12] bytes.
		{"10-11", putContent[10:12]},
		// request for object data after the first byte.
		{"1-", putContent[1:]},
		// request for object data after the first byte.
		{"6-", putContent[6:]},

        assertEquals("@@", normalizeText("@@@", 100, -1, 2, false));
        assertEquals("[[", normalizeText("[[[", 100, -1, 2, false));
        assertEquals("``", normalizeText("```", 100, -1, 2, false));
        assertEquals("{{", normalizeText("{{{", 100, -1, 2, false));
        assertEquals("~~", normalizeText("~~~", 100, -1, 2, false));