byte[] buf = new byte[min(bufSize, MAX_ARRAY_LEN - totalLen)];
      bufs.add(buf);
      int off = 0;
      while (off < buf.length) {
        // always OK to fill buf; its size plus the rest of bufs is never more than MAX_ARRAY_LEN
        int r = in.read(buf, off, buf.length - off);
        if (r == -1) {
          return combineBuffers(bufs, totalLen);
        }
        off += r;

    assertEquals(expected, buf2.toString());
    assertFullyRead(reader);

    // read in chunks to fixed CharBuffer
    reader = new CharSequenceReader(charSequence);
    buf2 = CharBuffer.allocate(5);
    builder = new StringBuilder();
    while (reader.read(buf2) != -1) {
      Java8Compatibility.flip(buf2);
      builder.append(buf2);
      Java8Compatibility.clear(buf2);
    }

	}
	headerDec := buf[:n]
	buf = buf[n:]

	alg, _, _, err := jsonparser.Get(headerDec, "alg")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, &jwtgo.ValidationError{Inner: err, Errors: jwtgo.ValidationErrorMalformed}
	}

	n, err = base64DecodeBytes(token[i+1:j], buf)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, &jwtgo.ValidationError{Inner: err, Errors: jwtgo.ValidationErrorMalformed}
	}

	if err = claims.UnmarshalJSON(buf[:n]); err != nil {

	pool bpool.Pool[*[]byte]
}

func (b *bufPool) Put(buf []byte) {
	if cap(buf) < b.sz || cap(buf) > b.sz*2 {
		// Buffer too small or will likely leak memory after being expanded.
		// Drop it.
		return
	}
	b.pool.Put(&buf)
}

func (b *bufPool) Get() []byte {
	bufp := b.pool.Get()
	if bufp == nil || cap(*bufp) < b.sz {
		return make([]byte, 0, b.sz)
	}
	return (*bufp)[:b.sz]
}

	var buf bytes.Buffer
	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
		b := buf.AvailableBuffer()
		b = strconv.AppendInt(b, int64(i), 10)
		b = append(b, ' ')
		buf.Write(b)
	}
	os.Stdout.Write(buf.Bytes())
	// Output: 0 1 2 3
}

func ExampleBuffer_Cap() {
	buf1 := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 10))
	buf2 := bytes.NewBuffer(make([]byte, 0, 10))
	fmt.Println(buf1.Cap())
	fmt.Println(buf2.Cap())
	// Output:
	// 10
	// 10
}

	r, err := NewReader(bytes.NewReader(buf.Bytes()), int64(buf.Len()))
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	for i, wt := range writeTests {
		testReadFile(t, r.File[i], &wt)
	}
}

func TestWriterFlush(t *testing.T) {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	w := NewWriter(struct{ io.Writer }{&buf})
	_, err := w.Create("foo")
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal(err)
	}
	if buf.Len() > 0 {

	}

	var written int64
	for {
		buf := alignedBuf
		if totalSize > 0 {
			remaining := totalSize - written
			if remaining < int64(len(buf)) {
				buf = buf[:remaining]
			}
		}

		nr, err := io.ReadFull(r, buf)
		eof := errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF)
		if err != nil && !eof {
			return written, err
		}

		buf = buf[:nr]
		var (
			n  int
			un int

	stat, err := f.Stat()
	if err != nil {
		buf, err = io.ReadAll(f)
		return buf, dmTime, osErrToFileErr(err)
	}
	if stat.IsDir() {
		return nil, dmTime, errFileNotFound
	}

	// Read into appropriate buffer.
	sz := stat.Size()
	if sz <= metaDataReadDefault {
		buf = metaDataPoolGet()
		buf = buf[:sz]
	} else {
		buf = make([]byte, sz)
	}

	// Read file...

}

// Encodes the response headers into XML format.
func encodeResponse(response any) []byte {
	var buf bytes.Buffer
	buf.WriteString(xml.Header)
	if err := xml.NewEncoder(&buf).Encode(response); err != nil {
		bugLogIf(GlobalContext, err)
		return nil
	}
	return buf.Bytes()
}

// Use this encodeResponseList() to support control characters
// this function must be used by only ListObjects() for objects

		// We use 2 buffers, so we always have a full buffer of input.
		pool := globalBytePoolCap.Load()
		bufA := pool.Get()
		bufB := pool.Get()
		defer pool.Put(bufA)
		defer pool.Put(bufB)
		ra, err := readahead.NewReaderBuffer(data, [][]byte{bufA[:fi.Erasure.BlockSize], bufB[:fi.Erasure.BlockSize]})
		if err == nil {
			toEncode = ra
			defer ra.Close()
		}
		bugLogIf(ctx, err)
	}