Graph<String> graph1 = ImmutableGraph.copyOf(GraphBuilder.directed().<String>build());
    Graph<String> graph2 = ImmutableGraph.copyOf(graph1);

    assertThat(graph2).isSameInstanceAs(graph1);
  }

  @Test
  public void immutableGraphBuilder_appliesGraphBuilderConfig() {
    ImmutableGraph<String> emptyGraph =
        GraphBuilder.directed()
            .allowsSelfLoops(true)

    Graph<String> graph1 = ImmutableGraph.copyOf(GraphBuilder.directed().<String>build());
    Graph<String> graph2 = ImmutableGraph.copyOf(graph1);

    assertThat(graph2).isSameInstanceAs(graph1);
  }

  @Test
  public void immutableGraphBuilder_appliesGraphBuilderConfig() {
    ImmutableGraph<String> emptyGraph =
        GraphBuilder.directed()
            .allowsSelfLoops(true)

        ImmutableNetwork.copyOf(NetworkBuilder.directed().<String, String>build());
    Network<String, String> network2 = ImmutableNetwork.copyOf(network1);

    assertThat(network2).isSameInstanceAs(network1);
  }

  @Test
  public void edgesConnecting_directed() {
    MutableNetwork<String, String> mutableNetwork =
        NetworkBuilder.directed().allowsSelfLoops(true).build();

  private final EdgeType edgeType;
  private final MutableGraph<Integer> graph;

  // add parameters: directed/undirected
  @Parameters
  public static Collection<Object[]> parameters() {
    return Arrays.asList(new Object[][] {{EdgeType.UNDIRECTED}, {EdgeType.DIRECTED}});
  }

  public GraphEquivalenceTest(EdgeType edgeType) {
    this.edgeType = edgeType;
    this.graph = createGraph(edgeType);
  }

  private final EdgeType edgeType;
  private final MutableGraph<Integer> graph;

  // add parameters: directed/undirected
  @Parameters
  public static Collection<Object[]> parameters() {
    return Arrays.asList(new Object[][] {{EdgeType.UNDIRECTED}, {EdgeType.DIRECTED}});
  }

  public GraphEquivalenceTest(EdgeType edgeType) {
    this.edgeType = edgeType;
    this.graph = createGraph(edgeType);
  }

     * that edge to {@code value} (overwriting the existing value, if any).
     *
     * <p>If the graph is directed, the resultant edge will be directed; otherwise, it will be
     * undirected.
     *
     * <p>If this graph is directed, {@code endpoints} must be ordered.
     *
     * <p>Values do not have to be unique. However, values must be non-null.
     *

  //
  // Network properties
  //

  /**
   * Returns true if the edges in this network are directed. Directed edges connect a {@link
   * EndpointPair#source() source node} to a {@link EndpointPair#target() target node}, while
   * undirected edges connect a pair of nodes to each other.
   */
  boolean isDirected();

  /**
   * Returns true if this network allows parallel edges. Attempting to add a parallel edge to a

        ImmutableValueGraph.copyOf(ValueGraphBuilder.directed().<String, Integer>build());
    ValueGraph<String, Integer> graph2 = ImmutableValueGraph.copyOf(graph1);

    assertThat(graph2).isSameInstanceAs(graph1);
  }

  @Test
  public void incidentEdgeOrder_stable() {
    ImmutableValueGraph<String, Integer> immutableValueGraph =
        ImmutableValueGraph.copyOf(ValueGraphBuilder.directed().<String, Integer>build());

  // Node order tests

  @Test
  public void nodeOrder_none() {
    MutableGraph<Integer> graph = GraphBuilder.directed().nodeOrder(unordered()).build();

    assertThat(graph.nodeOrder()).isEqualTo(unordered());
  }

  @Test
  public void nodeOrder_insertion() {
    MutableGraph<Integer> graph = GraphBuilder.directed().nodeOrder(insertion()).build();

    addNodes(graph);

    assertThat(graph.nodeOrder()).isEqualTo(insertion());

  }

  private static SuccessorsFunction<Character> createDirectedGraph(String... edges) {
    return createGraph(/* directed= */ true, edges);
  }

  private static SuccessorsFunction<Character> createUndirectedGraph(String... edges) {
    return createGraph(/* directed= */ false, edges);
  }

  /**
   * Creates a graph from a list of node pairs (encoded as strings, e.g. "ab" means that this graph