The query parameter `q` is of type `str | None`, that means that it's of type `str` but could also be `None`, and indeed, the default value is `None`, so FastAPI will know it's not required.

/// note

FastAPI will know that the value of `q` is not required because of the default value `= None`.

Having `str | None` will allow your editor to give you better support and detect errors.

///

El parámetro de query `q` es de tipo `str | None`, lo que significa que es de tipo `str` pero también podría ser `None`, y de hecho, el valor por defecto es `None`, así que FastAPI sabrá que no es requerido.

/// note | Nota

FastAPI sabrá que el valor de `q` no es requerido por el valor por defecto `= None`.

Tener `str | None` permitirá que tu editor te dé un mejor soporte y detecte errores.

///

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python
q: str | None = None
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.9+

```Python
q: Union[str, None] = None
```

////

Мы «обернём» это в `Annotated`, и получится:

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python
q: Annotated[str | None] = None
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.9+

```Python
q: Annotated[Union[str, None]] = None
```

////

Der Query-Parameter `q` hat den Typ `str | None`, das bedeutet, dass er vom Typ `str` sein kann, aber auch `None`, und tatsächlich ist der Defaultwert `None`, sodass FastAPI weiß, dass er nicht erforderlich ist.

/// note | Hinweis

FastAPI erkennt, dass der Wert von `q` nicht erforderlich ist, aufgrund des Defaultwertes `= None`.

O parâmetro de consulta `q` é do tipo `str | None`, isso significa que é do tipo `str`, mas também pode ser `None`, e de fato, o valor padrão é `None`, então o FastAPI saberá que não é obrigatório.

/// note | Nota

O FastAPI saberá que o valor de `q` não é obrigatório por causa do valor padrão `= None`.

Ter `str | None` permitirá que seu editor lhe ofereça melhor suporte e detecte erros.

///

from pydantic import BaseModel, SecretStr
from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings


class Settings(BaseSettings):
    github_repository: str
    github_token: SecretStr


class Repo(BaseModel):
    name: str
    html_url: str
    stars: int
    owner_login: str
    owner_html_url: str


def main() -> None:
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
    settings = Settings()

```Python hl_lines="1  4"
{!../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial009_py39.py!}
```

Wenn Sie `Optional[str]` anstelle von nur `str` verwenden, wird Ihr Editor Ihnen dabei helfen, Fehler zu erkennen, bei denen Sie annehmen könnten, dass ein Wert immer eine String (`str`) ist, obwohl er auch `None` sein könnte.

`Optional[Something]` ist tatsächlich eine Abkürzung für `Union[Something, None]`, diese beiden sind äquivalent.

class MethodsDependency:
    def synchronous(self, value: str) -> str:
        return value

    async def asynchronous(self, value: str) -> str:
        return value

    def synchronous_gen(self, value: str) -> Generator[str, None, None]:
        yield value

    async def asynchronous_gen(self, value: str) -> AsyncGenerator[str, None]:
        yield value


callable_dependency = CallableDependency()

@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)
def test_optional_list_str_missing(path: str):
    client = TestClient(app)
    response = client.post(path)
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"p": None}


@pytest.mark.parametrize(
    "path",
    ["/optional-list-str", "/model-optional-list-str"],
)
def test_optional_list_str(path: str):

}


class Token(BaseModel):
    access_token: str
    token_type: str


class TokenData(BaseModel):
    username: Union[str, None] = None


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: Union[str, None] = None
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None
    disabled: Union[bool, None] = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


password_hash = PasswordHash.recommended()