final Iterable<String> invalidCases =
        Iterables.concat(INVALID_NAME, VALID_IP_ADDRS, INVALID_IP_ADDRS);

    for (String valid : validCases) {
      assertTrue(valid, InternetDomainName.isValid(valid));
    }

    for (String invalid : invalidCases) {
      assertFalse(invalid, InternetDomainName.isValid(invalid));
    }
  }

    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "12345", "Invalid input length 5");
    // These have a combination of invalid length, unrecognized characters and wrong padding.
    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "AB=C", "Unrecognized character: =");
    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "A=BCD", "Invalid input length 5");
    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "?", "Invalid input length 1");
  }

  public void testBase64CannotUpperCase() {

      assertErrorMessage(e, notEqualObject1 + " [group 1, item 2]");
      return;
    }
    fail("Should get not equal to equal object error");
  }

  /**
   * Test for an invalid hashCode method, i.e., one that returns different value for objects that
   * are equal according to the equals method
   */
  public void testInvalidHashCode() {
    Object a = new InvalidHashCodeObject(1, 2);

    final Iterable<String> invalidCases =
        Iterables.concat(INVALID_NAME, VALID_IP_ADDRS, INVALID_IP_ADDRS);

    for (String valid : validCases) {
      assertTrue(valid, InternetDomainName.isValid(valid));
    }

    for (String invalid : invalidCases) {
      assertFalse(invalid, InternetDomainName.isValid(invalid));
    }
  }

    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "12345", "Invalid input length 5");
    // These have a combination of invalid length, unrecognized characters and wrong padding.
    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "AB=C", "Unrecognized character: =");
    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "A=BCD", "Invalid input length 5");
    assertFailsToDecode(base64(), "?", "Invalid input length 1");
  }

  public void testBase64CannotUpperCase() {

      ParseException parseException = new ParseException("Invalid host specifier: " + specifier, 0);
      parseException.initCause(e);
      throw parseException;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Determines whether {@code specifier} represents a valid {@link HostSpecifier} as described in
   * the documentation for {@link #fromValid(String)}.
   */
  public static boolean isValid(String specifier) {
    try {

    List<String> toTest;
    try {
      toTest = createList(String.class, null, "A", "B", null, "C", null);
    } catch (NullPointerException e) {
      // example cannot handle nulls, test invalid
      return;
    }
    int[] expected = {0, 1, 2, 0, 4, 0};
    checkIndexOf(toTest, expected);
  }

  public void testLastIndexOfImpl_nonNull() {

    // Identical valid surrogate pairs.
    assertEquals(
        "abc\uD8AB\uDCAB", Strings.commonPrefix("abc\uD8AB\uDCABdef", "abc\uD8AB\uDCABxyz"));
    // Differing valid surrogate pairs.
    assertEquals("abc", Strings.commonPrefix("abc\uD8AB\uDCABdef", "abc\uD8AB\uDCACxyz"));
    // One invalid pair.

   * cross-language compatibility. For other use cases, prefer {@link #putUnencodedChars}, which is
   * faster, produces the same output across Java releases, and hashes every {@code char} in the
   * input, even if some are invalid.
   */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue
  @Override
  Hasher putString(CharSequence charSequence, Charset charset);

  /** A simple convenience for {@code funnel.funnel(object, this)}. */
  @CanIgnoreReturnValue

@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault
public abstract class BaseEncoding {
  // TODO(lowasser): consider making encodeTo(Appendable, byte[], int, int) public.

  BaseEncoding() {}

  /**
   * Exception indicating invalid base-encoded input encountered while decoding.
   *
   * @author Louis Wasserman
   * @since 15.0
   */
  public static final class DecodingException extends IOException {