while (lower <= upper) {
      int middle = (lower + upper) >>> 1;
      int c = comparator.compare(key, list.get(middle));
      if (c < 0) {
        upper = middle - 1;
      } else if (c > 0) {
        lower = middle + 1;
      } else {
        return lower
            + presentBehavior.resultIndex(
                comparator, key, list.subList(lower, upper + 1), middle - lower);
      }
    }

        void testToStringWithNestedExceptions() {
            Exception innermost = new IOException("Innermost exception");
            Exception middle = new RuntimeException("Middle exception", innermost);
            Exception rootCause = new IllegalStateException("Outer exception", middle);
            TransportException exception = new TransportException("Transport failed", rootCause);

            String result = exception.toString();

        value = "\"\"\"start\"\"\",\"\"\"middle\"\"\",\"\"\"end\"\"\"";
        result = KuromojiCSVUtil.parse(value);
        assertEquals(3, result.length);
        assertEquals("\"\"start\"\"", result[0]);
        assertEquals("\"\"middle\"\"", result[1]);
        assertEquals("\"\"\"end\"\"\"", result[2]);

        // Complex escaped scenario - only middle field gets unquoted (no internal quotes)

 * The easiest way to pin a host is turn on pinning with a broken configuration and read the
 * expected configuration when the connection fails. Be sure to do this on a trusted network, and
 * without man-in-the-middle tools like [Charles][charles] or [Fiddler][fiddler].
 *
 * For example, to pin `https://publicobject.com`, start with a broken configuration:
 *
 * ```java
 * String hostname = "publicobject.com";

        int result = response.readParametersWireFormat(buffer, 0, 3);

        // Assert
        assertEquals(6, result);
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test readParametersWireFormat ignores middle 2 bytes")
    void testReadParametersWireFormatIgnoresMiddleBytes() {
        // Arrange
        byte[] buffer = new byte[10];
        SMBUtil.writeInt2(200, buffer, 0);
        // These bytes should be ignored

            EndpointPair.unordered(1, 1),
            EndpointPair.unordered(1, 3))
        .inOrder();
  }

  /**
   * Populates the graph with nodes and edges in a star shape with node `1` in the middle.
   *
   * <p>Note that the edges are added in a shuffled order to properly test the effect of the
   * insertion order.
   */
  private void populateTShapedGraph() {
    putEdge(2, 1);
    putEdge(1, 4);

    public void test_exceptionChaining() {
        // Test exception chaining with multiple levels
        Exception rootCause = new Exception("Root cause");
        RuntimeException middleCause = new RuntimeException("Middle cause", rootCause);
        ContainerNotAvailableException topException = new ContainerNotAvailableException("dbConnection", middleCause);

        assertEquals("dbConnection is not available.", topException.getMessage());

* Converts the first letter of each one to upper case with `title()`.
* <abbr title="Puts them together, as one. With the contents of one after the other.">Concatenates</abbr> them with a space in the middle.

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial001.py hl[2] *}

### Edit it { #edit-it }

It's a very simple program.

But now imagine that you were writing it from scratch.

                    String.format(
                            "Timing attack vulnerability detected: timing ratio %.3f exceeds tolerance %.3f "
                                    + "(start: %d ns, middle: %d ns, end: %d ns)",
                            timingRatio, TIMING_TOLERANCE, timeStart, timeMiddle, timeEnd));
        } finally {
            // Clean up resources
            baseAuth.close();

        // Setup - create a chain of exceptions
        final Exception rootCause = new IllegalArgumentException("Root cause");
        final Exception middleCause = new IllegalStateException("Middle cause", rootCause);
        final String message = "Top level SSO error";
        final VaMessenger<FessMessages> messageCode = messages -> messages.addErrorsSsoLoginError(UserMessages.GLOBAL_PROPERTY_KEY);