* OutOfMemoryError}). This class does not permit {@code null} elements. A priority queue relying on
 * {@linkplain Comparable natural ordering} also does not permit insertion of non-comparable objects
 * (doing so results in {@code ClassCastException}).
 *
 * <p>This class and its iterator implement all of the optional methods of the {@link
 * Collection} and {@link Iterator} interfaces. The Iterator provided in method {@link #iterator()}

   * Object[])} comparator when comparing a value outside the set of values it can compare.
   * Extending {@link ClassCastException} may seem odd, but it is required.
   */
  static class IncomparableValueException extends ClassCastException {
    final Object value;

    IncomparableValueException(Object value) {
      super("Cannot compare value: " + value);
      this.value = value;

   * Object[])} comparator when comparing a value outside the set of values it can compare.
   * Extending {@link ClassCastException} may seem odd, but it is required.
   */
  static class IncomparableValueException extends ClassCastException {
    final Object value;

    IncomparableValueException(Object value) {
      super("Cannot compare value: " + value);
      this.value = value;

   * than {@code upper}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code lower} is greater than <i>or equal to</i> {@code
   *     upper}
   * @throws ClassCastException if {@code lower} and {@code upper} are not mutually comparable
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> open(C lower, C upper) {

   * (IOException) e.getCause()} throws a {@link ClassCastException} that discards the original
   * exception {@code e} if the cause is not an {@link IOException}, but {@code
   * Throwables.getCauseAs(e, IOException.class)} keeps {@code e} as the {@link
   * ClassCastException}'s cause.
   *
   * @throws ClassCastException if the cause cannot be cast to the expected type. The {@code
   *     ClassCastException}'s cause is {@code throwable}.

   * than {@code upper}.
   *
   * @throws IllegalArgumentException if {@code lower} is greater than <i>or equal to</i> {@code
   *     upper}
   * @throws ClassCastException if {@code lower} and {@code upper} are not mutually comparable
   * @since 14.0
   */
  public static <C extends Comparable<?>> Range<C> open(C lower, C upper) {

   * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the multiset. If the
   * user attempts to add an element to the multiset that violates this constraint (for example, the
   * user attempts to add a string element to a set whose elements are integers), the {@code
   * add(Object)} call will throw a {@code ClassCastException}.
   *

   * {@code ClassCastException} for any elements {@code e1} and {@code e2} in the multiset. If the
   * user attempts to add an element to the multiset that violates this constraint (for example, the
   * user attempts to add a string element to a set whose elements are integers), the {@code
   * add(Object)} call will throw a {@code ClassCastException}.
   *

    assertThat(getCauseAs(thrown, SomeCheckedException.class)).isSameInstanceAs(cause);
    assertThat(getCauseAs(thrown, Exception.class)).isSameInstanceAs(cause);

    ClassCastException expected =
        assertThrows(
            ClassCastException.class, () -> getCauseAs(thrown, IllegalStateException.class));
    assertThat(expected).hasCauseThat().isSameInstanceAs(thrown);
  }

   * throws a {@code ClassCastException} or {@code NullPointerException}.
   */
  static boolean safeContains(Collection<?> collection, @CheckForNull Object object) {
    checkNotNull(collection);
    try {
      return collection.contains(object);
    } catch (ClassCastException | NullPointerException e) {
      return false;
    }
  }

  /**