})
	assertEqualSQL(t, `INSERT INTO "users" ("created_at","updated_at","deleted_at","name","age","birthday","company_id","manager_id","active") VALUES ('2021-10-18 00:00:00','2021-10-18 00:00:00',NULL,'foo',20,NULL,NULL,NULL,false) RETURNING "id"`, sql)

	// save
	user = &User{Name: "foo", Age: 20}
	user.CreatedAt = date
	user.UpdatedAt = date
	sql = DB.ToSQL(func(tx *gorm.DB) *gorm.DB {

// value includes a deleted_at field, then Delete performs a soft delete instead by setting deleted_at with the current
// time if null.
func (db *DB) Delete(value interface{}, conds ...interface{}) (tx *DB) {
	tx = db.getInstance()
	if len(conds) > 0 {
		if exprs := tx.Statement.BuildCondition(conds[0], conds[1:]...); len(exprs) > 0 {

	if !regexp.MustCompile("SELECT \\* FROM \\(SELECT .name. FROM .users. WHERE .users.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL\\) as u, \\(SELECT .name. FROM .pets. WHERE .pets.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL\\) as p WHERE .u.\\..deleted_at. IS NULL").MatchString(r.Statement.SQL.String()) {
		t.Errorf("Table with escape character, got %v", r.Statement.SQL.String())
	}

		currentDefaultNotNull := field.HasDefaultValue && (field.DefaultValueInterface != nil || !strings.EqualFold(field.DefaultValue, "NULL"))
		dv, dvNotNull := columnType.DefaultValue()
		if dvNotNull && !currentDefaultNotNull {
			// default value -> null
			alterColumn = true
		} else if !dvNotNull && currentDefaultNotNull {
			// null -> default value
			alterColumn = true
		} else if currentDefaultNotNull || dvNotNull {

						if v, ok := selectColumns[field.DBName]; (ok && v) || (!ok && !restricted) {
							if !field.PrimaryKey && (!field.HasDefaultValue || field.DefaultValueInterface != nil ||
								strings.EqualFold(field.DefaultValue, "NULL")) && field.AutoCreateTime == 0 {
								if field.AutoUpdateTime > 0 {
									assignment := clause.Assignment{Column: clause.Column{Name: field.DBName}, Value: curTime}
									switch field.AutoUpdateTime {

func TestHasManyAssociationUnscoped(t *testing.T) {
	type ItemContent struct {
		gorm.Model
		ItemID       uint   `gorm:"not null"`
		Name         string `gorm:"not null;type:varchar(50)"`
		LanguageCode string `gorm:"not null;type:varchar(2)"`
	}
	type Item struct {
		gorm.Model
		Logo     string        `gorm:"not null;type:varchar(50)"`
		Contents []ItemContent `gorm:"foreignKey:ItemID"`
	}

	tx := DB.Session(&gorm.Session{})

			}
		}

		// save associations
		if association.saveAssociation( /*clear*/ true, values...); association.Error != nil {
			return association.Error
		}

		// set old associations's foreign key to null
		switch rel.Type {
		case schema.BelongsTo:
			if len(values) == 0 {
				updateMap := map[string]interface{}{}
				switch reflectValue.Kind() {
				case reflect.Slice, reflect.Array:

		field.Scale, _ = strconv.Atoi(s)
	}

	// default value is function or null or blank (primary keys)
	field.DefaultValue = strings.TrimSpace(field.DefaultValue)
	skipParseDefaultValue := strings.Contains(field.DefaultValue, "(") &&
		strings.Contains(field.DefaultValue, ")") || strings.ToLower(field.DefaultValue) == "null" || field.DefaultValue == ""
	switch reflect.Indirect(fieldValue).Kind() {
	case reflect.Bool:

	rows, err := DB.Table("users").
		Select(`
			NULL AS bool_field,
			NULL AS int_field,
			NULL AS int8_field,
			NULL AS int16_field,
			NULL AS int32_field,
			NULL AS int64_field,
			NULL AS uint_field,
			NULL AS uint8_field,
			NULL AS uint16_field,
			NULL AS uint32_field,
			NULL AS uint64_field,
			NULL AS float32_field,
			NULL AS float64_field,
			NULL AS string_field,
			NULL AS time_field,

			stmt.DB.Dialector.BindVarTo(writer, stmt, v)
		case []interface{}:
			if len(v) > 0 {
				writer.WriteByte('(')
				stmt.AddVar(writer, v...)
				writer.WriteByte(')')
			} else {
				writer.WriteString("(NULL)")
			}
		case *DB:
			subdb := v.Session(&Session{Logger: logger.Discard, DryRun: true}).getInstance()
			if v.Statement.SQL.Len() > 0 {
				var (
					vars = subdb.Statement.Vars