*         If all functions return null, the composite function returns null.
     *
     * @throws NullPointerException if the input collection is null or contains null elements.
     */
    static Function<String, String> chain(Collection<? extends Function<String, String>> functions) {
        return s -> {
            for (Function<String, String> function : functions) {
                String v = function.apply(s);

Let's look at how we can make that work.

## pytest.mark.anyio

If we want to call asynchronous functions in our tests, our test functions have to be asynchronous. AnyIO provides a neat plugin for this, that allows us to specify that some test functions are to be called asynchronously.

## HTTPX

Even if your **FastAPI** application uses normal `def` functions instead of `async def`, it is still an `async` application underneath.

Let's first focus on the dependency.

It is just a function that can take all the same parameters that a *path operation function* can take:

{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[8:9] *}

That's it.

**2 lines**.

And it has the same shape and structure that all your *path operation functions* have.

You can think of it as a *path operation function* without the "decorator" (without the `@app.get("/some-path")`).

import static com.google.common.collect.ReflectionFreeAssertThrows.assertThrows;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.base.Functions;
import com.google.common.collect.testing.MapInterfaceTest;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;

import static com.google.common.collect.Maps.transformValues;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.base.Functions;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Maps#transformValues(Map, Function)}.
 *
 * @author Isaac Shum
 */
@GwtCompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault

import static com.google.common.collect.Maps.transformValues;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.base.Functions;
import java.util.SortedMap;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Maps#transformValues(SortedMap, Function)}.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@GwtCompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault

import static com.google.common.collect.Maps.transformValues;

import com.google.common.annotations.GwtCompatible;
import com.google.common.base.Function;
import com.google.common.base.Functions;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Maps#transformValues(Map, Function)}.
 *
 * @author Isaac Shum
 */
@GwtCompatible
@ElementTypesAreNonnullByDefault

  final HashFunction[] functions;

  AbstractCompositeHashFunction(HashFunction... functions) {
    for (HashFunction function : functions) {
      checkNotNull(function);
    }
    this.functions = functions;
  }

  /**
   * Constructs a {@code HashCode} from the {@code Hasher} objects of the functions. Each of them

Maybe you need to start a new version, or you just got tired of running it. 🤷

///

### Lifespan function

The first thing to notice, is that we are defining an async function with `yield`. This is very similar to Dependencies with `yield`.

{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py hl[14:19] *}

The first part of the function, before the `yield`, will be executed **before** the application starts.

# Advanced Dependencies

## Parameterized dependencies

All the dependencies we have seen are a fixed function or class.

But there could be cases where you want to be able to set parameters on the dependency, without having to declare many different functions or classes.

Let's imagine that we want to have a dependency that checks if the query parameter `q` contains some fixed content.

But we want to be able to parameterize that fixed content.