### 验证

* 校验大部分（甚至所有？）的 Python **数据类型**，包括：
    * JSON 对象 (`dict`).
    * JSON 数组 (`list`) 定义成员类型。
    * 字符串 (`str`) 字段, 定义最小或最大长度。
    * 数字 (`int`, `float`) 有最大值和最小值， 等等。

* 校验外来类型， 比如:
    * URL.
    * Email.
    * UUID.
    * ...及其他.

所有的校验都由完善且强大的 **Pydantic** 处理。

### 安全性及身份验证

集成了安全性和身份认证。杜绝数据库或者数据模型的渗透风险。

OpenAPI 中定义的安全模式，包括：

* HTTP 基本认证。

// local cluster deployment id. This is to prevent replication to self, especially in case of a loadbalancer
// in front of MinIO.
func checkRemoteEndpoint(ctx context.Context, epURL *url.URL) error {
	reqURL := &url.URL{
		Scheme: epURL.Scheme,
		Host:   epURL.Host,
		Path:   healthCheckPathPrefix + healthCheckReadinessPath,
	}

	req, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodGet, reqURL.String(), nil)

	if local == "" {
		local = "127.0.0.1"
	}

	u, err := url.Parse(updateURL)
	if err != nil {
		writeErrorResponseJSON(ctx, w, toAdminAPIErr(ctx, err), r.URL)
		return
	}

	content, err := downloadReleaseURL(u, updateTimeout, mode)
	if err != nil {
		writeErrorResponseJSON(ctx, w, toAdminAPIErr(ctx, err), r.URL)
		return
	}

	sha256Sum, lrTime, releaseInfo, err := parseReleaseData(content)

```Python
response = requests.get("http://example.com/some/url")
```

En contrepartie l'API _des opérations de chemin_ de FastAPI pourrait ressembler à ceci :

```Python hl_lines="1"
@app.get("/some/url")
def read_url():
    return {"message": "Hello World"}
```

Notez les similitudes entre `requests.get(...)` et `@app.get(...)`.

<div class="termy">

```console
$ docker run -d --name mycontêiner -p 80:80 myimage
```

</div>

## Verifique

* `https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive` is used by Google.

/// info

In OAuth2 a "scope" is just a string that declares a specific permission required.

It doesn't matter if it has other characters like `:` or if it is a URL.

Those details are implementation specific.

For OAuth2 they are just strings.

///

## Global view

",lengthBadEnd:" characters",lengthTooLongStart:"The input value is longer than ",lengthTooShortStart:"The input value is shorter than ",notConfirmed:"Input values could not be confirmed",badDomain:"Incorrect domain value",badUrl:"The input value is not a correct URL",badCustomVal:"The input value is incorrect",andSpaces:" and spaces ",badInt:"The input value was not a correct number",badSecurityNumber:"Your social security number was incorrect",badUKVatAnswer:"Incorrect UK VAT Number",badUKNin:"Incorrect UK NI...

/// info | Informação

No OAuth2, um "escopo" é apenas uma string que declara uma permissão específica necessária.

Não importa se ela contém outros caracteres como `:` ou se ela é uma URL.

Estes detalhes são específicos da implementação.

Para o OAuth2, eles são apenas strings.

///

## Visão global

# 设置和环境变量

在许多情况下，您的应用程序可能需要一些外部设置或配置，例如密钥、数据库凭据、电子邮件服务的凭据等等。

这些设置中的大多数是可变的（可以更改的），比如数据库的 URL。而且许多设置可能是敏感的，比如密钥。

因此，通常会将它们提供为由应用程序读取的环境变量。

## 环境变量

/// tip

如果您已经知道什么是"环境变量"以及如何使用它们，请随意跳到下面的下一节。

///

环境变量（也称为"env var"）是一种存在于 Python 代码之外、存在于操作系统中的变量，可以被您的 Python 代码（或其他程序）读取。

您可以在 shell 中创建和使用环境变量，而无需使用 Python：

//// tab | Linux、macOS、Windows Bash

<div class="termy">

```console

pkg net/url, method (*URL) Parse(string) (*URL, error)
pkg net/url, method (*URL) Query() Values
pkg net/url, method (*URL) RequestURI() string
pkg net/url, method (*URL) ResolveReference(*URL) *URL
pkg net/url, method (*URL) String() string
pkg net/url, method (*Userinfo) Password() (string, bool)
pkg net/url, method (*Userinfo) String() string
pkg net/url, method (*Userinfo) Username() string