/// info

Якщо ви вже пройшли весь навчальний посібник і повернулися, щоб дізнатися більше про типи, ось хороший ресурс <a href="https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">"шпаргалка" від `mypy`</a>.

最重要的是，通过使用标准的 Python 类型，只需要在一个地方声明（而不是添加更多的类、装饰器等），**FastAPI** 会为你完成很多的工作。

/// info

如果你已经阅读了所有教程，回过头来想了解有关类型的更多信息，<a href="https://mypy.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet_py3.html" class="external-link" target="_blank">来自 `mypy` 的"速查表"</a>是不错的资源。

 * frac(x) respectively. This is the same definition as used by Excel and by S, it is the Type 7
 * definition in <a
 * href="http://stat.ethz.ch/R-manual/R-devel/library/stats/html/quantile.html">R</a>, and it is
 * described by <a
 * href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantile#Estimating_the_quantiles_of_a_population">
 * wikipedia</a> as providing "Linear interpolation of the modes for the order statistics for the

install ## users: ## Username, password and policy to be assigned to the user ## Default policies are [readonly|readwrite|writeonly|consoleAdmin|diagnostics] ## Add new policies as explained here https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-multi-user-quickstart-guide.html ## NOTE: this will fail if LDAP is enabled in your MinIO deployment ## make sure to disable this if you are using LDAP. - accessKey: console secretKey: console123 policy: consoleAdmin # Or you can refer to specific secret #- accessKey: externalSecret...

install ## users: ## Username, password and policy to be assigned to the user ## Default policies are [readonly|readwrite|writeonly|consoleAdmin|diagnostics] ## Add new policies as explained here https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-multi-user-quickstart-guide.html ## NOTE: this will fail if LDAP is enabled in your MinIO deployment ## make sure to disable this if you are using LDAP. - accessKey: console secretKey: console123 policy: consoleAdmin # Or you can refer to specific secret #- accessKey: externalSecret...

 * can be changed (See <a href="../../../resolver.html">Setting Name
 * Resolution Properties</a>). The servername and path components are
 * not case sensitive but the domain, username, and password components
 * are. It is also likely that properties must be specified for jcifs
 * to function (See <a href="../../overview-summary.html#scp">Setting
 * JCIFS Properties</a>). Here are some examples of SMB URLs with brief

	defer c.RUnlock()
	return fmt.Errorf("[%s] %w", c.lastErrTime.Format(time.RFC3339), c.lastErr)
}

// computes the exponential backoff duration according to
// https://www.awsarchitectureblog.com/2015/03/backoff.html
func exponentialBackoffWait(r *rand.Rand, unit, cap time.Duration) func(uint) time.Duration {
	if unit > time.Hour {
		// Protect against integer overflow
		panic("unit cannot exceed one hour")
	}

	buf.Write(errorCode)

	return genMessage(buf.Bytes(), nil)
}

// NewErrorMessage - creates new Request Level Error Message specified in
// https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonS3/latest/API/RESTObjectSELECTContent.html.
func NewErrorMessage(errorCode, errorMessage string) []byte {
	return newErrorMessage([]byte(errorCode), []byte(errorMessage))
}

type messageWriter struct {
	writer          http.ResponseWriter

install ## users: ## Username, password and policy to be assigned to the user ## Default policies are [readonly|readwrite|writeonly|consoleAdmin|diagnostics] ## Add new policies as explained here https://docs.min.io/docs/minio-multi-user-quickstart-guide.html ## NOTE: this will fail if LDAP is enabled in your MinIO deployment ## make sure to disable this if you are using LDAP. - accessKey: console secretKey: console123 policy: consoleAdmin ## Additional Annotations for the Kubernetes Job makeUserJob makeUserJob:...

```Python hl_lines="7"
{!../../docs_src/query_params_str_validations/tutorial006b.py!}
```

/// info

如果你之前没见过 `...` 这种用法：它是一个特殊的单独值，它是 <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/constants.html#Ellipsis" class="external-link" target="_blank">Python 的一部分并且被称为「省略号」</a>。
Pydantic 和 FastAPI 使用它来显式的声明需要一个值。

///

这将使 **FastAPI** 知道此查询参数是必需的。

### 使用`None`声明必需参数