本例中，查询参数 `q` 是可选的，默认值为 `None`。

/// check | 检查

注意，**FastAPI** 可以识别出 `item_id` 是路径参数，`q` 不是路径参数，而是查询参数。

///

/// note | 笔记

因为默认值为 `= None`，FastAPI 把 `q` 识别为可选参数。

FastAPI 不使用 `Optional[str]` 中的 `Optional`（只使用 `str`），但 `Optional[str]` 可以帮助编辑器发现代码中的错误。

///

## 查询参数类型转换

参数还可以声明为 `bool` 类型，FastAPI 会自动转换参数类型：


{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial003_py310.py hl[7] *}

Vous pouvez connecter le <abbr title="En anglais: debugger">débogueur</abbr> dans votre éditeur, par exemple avec Visual Studio Code ou PyCharm.

## Faites appel à `uvicorn`

Dans votre application FastAPI, importez et exécutez directement `uvicorn` :

{* ../../docs_src/debugging/tutorial001.py hl[1,15] *}

### À propos de `__name__ == "__main__"`

---

Por exemplo, no Visual Studio Code, você pode:

* Ir para o painel "Debug".
* "Add configuration...".
* Selecionar "Python"
* Executar o depurador com a opção "`Python: Current File (Integrated Terminal)`".

Em seguida, ele iniciará o servidor com seu código **FastAPI**, parará em seus pontos de interrupção, etc.

from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
from typing import Annotated, Union

import jwt
from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from jwt.exceptions import InvalidTokenError
from pwdlib import PasswordHash
from pydantic import BaseModel

# to get a string like this run:
# openssl rand -hex 32

```JSON
{"item_id":3}
```

/// check | Verifique
Perceba que o valor que sua função recebeu (e retornou) é `3`, como um `int` do Python, não uma string `"3"`.

Então, com essa declaração de tipo, o **FastAPI** fornece <abbr title="convertendo a string que vem de um request HTTP em dados Python">"parsing"</abbr> automático do request.
///

## Validação de dados { #data-validation }

name: FastAPI People

on:
  schedule:
    - cron: "0 14 1 * *"
  workflow_dispatch:
    inputs:
      debug_enabled:
        description: Run the build with tmate debugging enabled (https://github.com/marketplace/actions/debugging-with-tmate)
        required: false
        default: "false"

env:
  UV_SYSTEM_PYTHON: 1

jobs:
  job:
    if: github.repository_owner == 'fastapi'
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    permissions:

from fastapi import APIRouter, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, HttpUrl

app = FastAPI()


class Invoice(BaseModel):
    id: str
    title: str | None = None
    customer: str
    total: float


class InvoiceEvent(BaseModel):
    description: str
    paid: bool


class InvoiceEventReceived(BaseModel):
    ok: bool


invoices_callback_router = APIRouter()


@invoices_callback_router.post(

import asyncio

from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from docs_src.path_params.tutorial003b_py39 import app, read_users2

client = TestClient(app)


def test_get_users():
    response = client.get("/users")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == ["Rick", "Morty"]


def test_read_users2():  # Just for coverage
    assert asyncio.run(read_users2()) == ["Bean", "Elfo"]

---

Por ejemplo, en Visual Studio Code, puedes:

* Ir al panel de "Debug".
* "Add configuration...".
* Seleccionar "Python".
* Ejecutar el depurador con la opción "`Python: Current File (Integrated Terminal)`".

Luego, iniciará el servidor con tu código **FastAPI**, deteniéndose en tus puntos de interrupción, etc.

```JSON
{"item_id":3}
```

/// check | Ek bilgi

Dikkatinizi çekerim ki, fonksiyonunuzun aldığı (ve döndürdüğü) değer olan `3` bir string `"3"` değil aksine bir Python `int`'idir.

Bu tanımlamayla birlikte, **FastAPI** size otomatik istek <abbr title="HTTP isteği ile birlikte gelen string'i Python verisine dönüştürme">"ayrıştırma"</abbr> özelliği sağlar.

///

## Veri Doğrulama