This document describes the high level architecture of the Istio control plane, Istiod.
Istiod is structured as a modular monolith, housing a wide range of functionality from certificate signing, proxy configuration (XDS), traditional Kubernetes controllers, and more.

## Proxy Configuration

Istiod's primary role - and most code - is to dynamically configure proxies (Envoy sidecars and ingress, gRPC, ztunnel, and more). This roughly consists of 3 parts:

                            proxy = result.getProxy();

                            ProxyInfo proxyInfo = new ProxyInfo();
                            proxyInfo.setHost(proxy.getHost());
                            proxyInfo.setType(proxy.getProtocol());
                            proxyInfo.setPort(proxy.getPort());
                            proxyInfo.setNonProxyHosts(proxy.getNonProxyHosts());

      certificatePinner = null,
      proxyAuthenticator = proxyAuthenticator,
      proxy = proxy,
      protocols = protocols,
      connectionSpecs = connectionSpecs,
      proxySelector = proxySelector,
    )
  }

  fun newRoute(
    address: Address = newAddress(),
    proxy: Proxy = this.proxy,
    socketAddress: InetSocketAddress = InetSocketAddress.createUnresolved(uriHost, uriPort),
  ): Route {

/**
 * Performs either **preemptive** authentication before connecting to a proxy server, or
 * **reactive** authentication after receiving a challenge from either an origin web server or proxy
 * server.
 *
 * ## Preemptive Authentication
 *
 * To make HTTPS calls using an HTTP proxy server OkHttp must first negotiate a connection with
 * the proxy. This proxy connection is called a "TLS Tunnel" and is specified by

     */
    void injectMirror(List<ArtifactRepository> repositories, List<Mirror> mirrors);

    /**
     * Injects the proxy information into the specified repositories. For each repository that is matched by a proxy,
     * its proxy data will be set accordingly. Repositories without a matching proxy will have their proxy cleared.
     * Note: This method must be called after {@link #injectMirror(List, List)} or the repositories will end up

  private static <T> void testToString(
      Class<T> interfaceType, Function<? super T, ? extends T> wrapperFunction) {
    T proxy = new FreshValueGenerator().newFreshProxy(interfaceType);
    assertEquals(
        "toString() isn't properly forwarded",
        proxy.toString(),
        wrapperFunction.apply(proxy).toString());
  }

  private static @Nullable Object[] getParameterValues(Method method) {

        for (Proxy proxy : decrypted.getProxies()) {
            AuthenticationBuilder authBuilder = new AuthenticationBuilder();
            authBuilder.addUsername(proxy.getUsername()).addPassword(proxy.getPassword());
            proxySelector.add(
                    new org.eclipse.aether.repository.Proxy(
                            proxy.getProtocol(), proxy.getHost(), proxy.getPort(), authBuilder.build()),

import assertk.assertions.containsExactly
import java.io.IOException
import java.net.InetSocketAddress
import java.net.Proxy
import java.net.ProxySelector
import java.net.SocketAddress
import java.net.URI
import okhttp3.internal.format

class RecordingProxySelector : ProxySelector() {
  @JvmField val proxies = mutableListOf<Proxy>()

  private val requestedUris = mutableListOf<URI>()
  private val failures = mutableListOf<String>()

      } finally {
        for (socket in openSockets) {
          socket.closeQuietly()
        }
        Thread.currentThread().name = "SocksProxy"
      }
    }
  }

  fun proxy(): Proxy {
    return Proxy(
      Proxy.Type.SOCKS,
      InetSocketAddress.createUnresolved("localhost", serverSocket!!.localPort),
    )
  }

  fun connectionCount(): Int = connectionCount.get()

  fun shutdown() {

    call: Call,
    inetSocketAddress: InetSocketAddress,
    proxy: Proxy,
    protocol: Protocol?,
  ) {
    logWithTime("connectEnd: $protocol")

    delegate.connectEnd(call, inetSocketAddress, proxy, protocol)
  }

  override fun connectFailed(
    call: Call,
    inetSocketAddress: InetSocketAddress,
    proxy: Proxy,
    protocol: Protocol?,
    ioe: IOException,
  ) {