}
  }

  /*
   * Preconditions.checkNotNull is *intended* for performing eager null checks on parameters that a
   * nullness checker can already "prove" are non-null. That means that the first parameter to
   * checkNotNull *should* be annotated to require it to be non-null.
   *
   * However, for a variety of reasons, Google developers have written a ton of code over the past

import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Parameter}.
 *
 * @author Ben Yu
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class ParameterTest extends TestCase {

  public void testNulls() {
    try {
      Class.forName("java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType");
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException runningInAndroidVm) {
      /*
       * Parameter declares a method that returns AnnotatedType, which isn't available on Android.

import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Parameter}.
 *
 * @author Ben Yu
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class ParameterTest extends TestCase {

  public void testNulls() {
    try {
      Class.forName("java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedType");
    } catch (ClassNotFoundException runningInAndroidVm) {
      /*
       * Parameter declares a method that returns AnnotatedType, which isn't available on Android.

# Response Headers { #response-headers }

## Use a `Response` parameter { #use-a-response-parameter }

You can declare a parameter of type `Response` in your *path operation function* (as you can do for cookies).

And then you can set headers in that *temporal* response object.

{* ../../docs_src/response_headers/tutorial002_py310.py hl[1, 7:8] *}

And then you can return any object you need, as you normally would (a `dict`, a database model, etc).

# Cookie Parameter Models { #cookie-parameter-models }

If you have a group of **cookies** that are related, you can create a **Pydantic model** to declare them. 🍪

This would allow you to **re-use the model** in **multiple places** and also to declare validations and metadata for all the parameters at once. 😎

/// note

This is supported since FastAPI version `0.115.0`. 🤓

///

/// tip

/**
 * Form class for cache-related operations.
 * Contains parameters for document caching and error page display.
 */
public class CacheForm {

    /** Document ID for cache operations. */
    @Required
    @Size(max = 100)
    public String docId;

    /** Highlight query parameters. */
    public String[] hq;

    /** Search query parameter for error page. */
    public String q;

                assertEquals("appendOsStats should take StringBuilder", StringBuilder.class, method.getParameterTypes()[0]);
                break;
            case "appendProcessStats":
                hasAppendProcessStats = true;
                assertEquals("appendProcessStats should take StringBuilder parameter", 1, method.getParameterCount());

In that case, **FastAPI** also provides you with the tools to build it.

///

When we create an instance of the `OAuth2PasswordBearer` class we pass in the `tokenUrl` parameter. This parameter contains the URL that the client (the frontend running in the user's browser) will use to send the `username` and `password` in order to get a token.

{* ../../docs_src/security/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[8] *}

This doesn't go inside of each JSON Schema contained in OpenAPI, this goes outside, in the *path operation* directly.

### Using the `openapi_examples` Parameter { #using-the-openapi-examples-parameter }

You can declare the OpenAPI-specific `examples` in FastAPI with the parameter `openapi_examples` for:

* `Path()`
* `Query()`
* `Header()`
* `Cookie()`
* `Body()`
* `Form()`
* `File()`

* `@app.get()`
* `@app.post()`
* `@app.put()`
* `@app.delete()`
* etc.

{* ../../docs_src/response_status_code/tutorial001_py310.py hl[6] *}

/// note