response = client.get("/items/")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"q": None}


def test_default_param_query():
    response = client.get("/items/?q=foo")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text

{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial005_py310.py hl[2,8] *}

该字符串将被检查是否为有效的 URL，并在 JSON Schema / OpenAPI 文档中进行记录。

## 带有一组子模型的属性 { #attributes-with-lists-of-submodels }

你还可以将 Pydantic 模型用作 `list`、`set` 等的子类型：

{* ../../docs_src/body_nested_models/tutorial006_py310.py hl[18] *}

这将期望（转换，校验，记录文档等）下面这样的 JSON 请求体：

```JSON hl_lines="11"
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "description": "The pretender",

Bunu OpenAPI'de ifade etmenin yolu, bu alanı **required** olarak işaretlemektir; çünkü her zaman yer alacaktır.

Bu nedenle, bir modelin JSON Schema'sı **input mu output mu** kullanıldığına göre farklı olabilir:

* **input** için `description` **required olmaz**
* **output** için **required olur** (ve `None` olabilir; JSON açısından `null`)

### Dokümanlarda Output Modeli { #model-for-output-in-docs }

package config

import (
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
)

// BoolFlag - wrapper bool type.
type BoolFlag bool

// String - returns string of BoolFlag.
func (bf BoolFlag) String() string {
	if bf {
		return "on"
	}

	return "off"
}

// MarshalJSON - converts BoolFlag into JSON data.
func (bf BoolFlag) MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error) {

<span style="color: green;">INFO</span>:     Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)
```

</div>

Então, se você acessar as URLs em `/openapi.json`, `/docs` ou `/redoc`, você receberá apenas um erro `404 Not Found` como:

```JSON
{
    "detail": "Not Found"
}

        decimal_places: int | None = _Unset,
        examples: list[Any] | None = None,
        example: Annotated[
            Any | None,
            deprecated(
                "Deprecated in OpenAPI 3.1.0 that now uses JSON Schema 2020-12, "
                "although still supported. Use examples instead."
            ),
        ] = _Unset,
        openapi_examples: dict[str, Example] | None = None,

Puedes devolver *miembros de enum* desde tu *path operation*, incluso anidados en un cuerpo JSON (por ejemplo, un `dict`).

Serán convertidos a sus valores correspondientes (cadenas en este caso) antes de devolverlos al cliente:

{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[18,21,23] *}

En tu cliente recibirás un response JSON como:

```JSON
{
  "model_name": "alexnet",
  "message": "Deep Learning FTW!"
}
```

You can return *enum members* from your *path operation*, even nested in a JSON body (e.g. a `dict`).

They will be converted to their corresponding values (strings in this case) before returning them to the client:

{* ../../docs_src/path_params/tutorial005_py310.py hl[18,21,23] *}

In your client you will get a JSON response like:

```JSON
{
  "model_name": "alexnet",
  "message": "Deep Learning FTW!"
}
```

		return
	}

	// Rebalance routine is run on the first node of any pool participating in rebalance.
	pools.StartRebalance()

	b, err := json.Marshal(struct {
		ID string `json:"id"`
	}{ID: id})
	if err != nil {
		writeErrorResponseJSON(ctx, w, toAPIError(ctx, err), r.URL)
		return
	}

	writeSuccessResponseJSON(w, b)

然後在你的測試中做一樣的事即可。

例如：

* 要傳遞路徑或查詢參數，直接把它加在 URL 上。
* 要傳遞 JSON 本文，將 Python 物件（例如 `dict`）傳給 `json` 參數。
* 如果需要送出表單資料（Form Data）而不是 JSON，改用 `data` 參數。
* 要傳遞標頭（headers），在 `headers` 參數中放一個 `dict`。
* 對於 Cookie（cookies），在 `cookies` 參數中放一個 `dict`。

關於如何把資料傳給後端（使用 `httpx` 或 `TestClient`），更多資訊請參考 [HTTPX 文件](https://www.python-httpx.org)。

/// info

請注意，`TestClient` 接收的是可轉為 JSON 的資料，而不是 Pydantic models。