from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel, EmailStr

app = FastAPI()


class UserIn(BaseModel):
    username: str
    password: str
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None


class UserOut(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: EmailStr
    full_name: Union[str, None] = None


class UserInDB(BaseModel):
    username: str
    hashed_password: str

import random
from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import AfterValidator

app = FastAPI()

data = {
    "isbn-9781529046137": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy",
    "imdb-tt0371724": "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy",
    "isbn-9781439512982": "Isaac Asimov: The Complete Stories, Vol. 2",
}


def check_valid_id(id: str):
    if not id.startswith(("isbn-", "imdb-")):

    }
  }

  private fun service(from: Socket) {
    val name = "SocksProxy ${from.remoteSocketAddress}"
    threadName(name) {
      try {
        val fromSource = from.source().buffer()
        val fromSink = from.sink().buffer()
        hello(fromSource, fromSink)
        acceptCommand(from.inetAddress, fromSource, fromSink)
        openSockets.add(from)
      } catch (e: IOException) {

import importlib
from unittest.mock import patch

import pytest
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

from ...utils import needs_py310


@pytest.fixture(
    name="client",
    params=[
        "tutorial001_py39",
        pytest.param("tutorial001_py310", marks=needs_py310),
    ],
)
def get_client(request: pytest.FixtureRequest):
    mod = importlib.import_module(f"docs_src.body.{request.param}")

You can use:

* `HTTPException`
* `WebSocketException`

These exceptions can be imported directly from `fastapi`:

```python
from fastapi import HTTPException, WebSocketException
```

::: fastapi.HTTPException

from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient
from fastapi.websockets import WebSocket

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
async def read_main():
    return {"msg": "Hello World"}


@app.websocket("/ws")
async def websocket(websocket: WebSocket):
    await websocket.accept()
    await websocket.send_json({"msg": "Hello WebSocket"})
    await websocket.close()


def test_read_main():

 * ExecutionException}, the error's {@linkplain #getCause() cause} comes from a failed task,
 * possibly run in another thread. That cause should itself be an {@code Error}; if not, use {@code
 * ExecutionException} or {@link UncheckedExecutionException}. This allows the client code to
 * continue to distinguish between exceptions and errors, even when they come from other threads.
 *
 * @author Chris Povirk
 * @since 10.0
 */

 * and retrieving data from access results.
 */
public interface Transformer {

    /**
     * Transforms the given ResponseData into a ResultData.
     *
     * @param responseData the data to be transformed
     * @return the transformed ResultData
     */
    ResultData transform(ResponseData responseData);

    /**
     * Retrieves data from the given AccessResultData object.
     *

		cache.iamGroupPolicyMap.Store(name, mp)
	}
	cache.updatedAt = time.Now()
	return mp.UpdatedAt, nil
}

// PolicyNotificationHandler - loads given policy from storage. If not present,
// deletes from cache. This notification only reads from storage, and updates
// cache. When the notification is for a policy deletion, it updates the
// user-policy and group-policy maps as well.

from contextlib import asynccontextmanager

from fastapi import FastAPI


def fake_answer_to_everything_ml_model(x: float):
    return x * 42


ml_models = {}


@asynccontextmanager
async def lifespan(app: FastAPI):
    # Load the ML model
    ml_models["answer_to_everything"] = fake_answer_to_everything_ml_model
    yield
    # Clean up the ML models and release the resources
    ml_models.clear()