There is also an **Advanced User Guide** that you can read later after this **Tutorial - User guide**.

The **Advanced User Guide** builds on this one, uses the same concepts, and teaches you some extra features.

But you should first read the **Tutorial - User Guide** (what you are reading right now).

			for _, sz := range test.sizes {
				h.add(sz)
			}
			got := h.toMap()
			exp := test.want
			// what is in exp is in got
			for k := range exp {
				if exp[k] != got[k] {
					t.Fatalf("interval %s: Expected %d values but got %d values\n", k, exp[k], got[k])
				}
			}
			// what is absent in exp is absent in got too
			for k := range got {
				if _, ok := exp[k]; !ok && got[k] > 0 {

    // can be passed back so that the default configuration information can be populated.
    //
    // We need to know the specific version so that we can look up the right version of the plugin descriptor
    // which tells us what the default configuration is.
    //

    /**

## What is "Dependency Injection" { #what-is-dependency-injection }

**"Dependency Injection"** means, in programming, that there is a way for your code (in this case, your *path operation functions*) to declare things that it requires to work and use: "dependencies".

  public void testConstraint() {
    /*
     * We'll give ourselves a pass on testing all the possible ways of breaking the constraint,
     * because we know that newClassMap() is implemented using ConstrainedMap which is itself
     * well-tested. A purist would object to this, but what can I say, we're dirty cheaters.
     */
    map.put(Integer.class, new Integer(5));

OAuth2 was designed so that the backend or API could be independent of the server that authenticates the user.

But in this case, the same **FastAPI** application will handle the API and the authentication.

So, let's review it from that simplified point of view:

* The user types the `username` and `password` in the frontend, and hits `Enter`.

   * of the function, thus time. Thus, the RateLimiter becomes /faster/ after a period of
   * underutilization. If, on the other hand, we pick a function that goes /above/ that horizontal
   * line, then it means that the area (time) is increased, thus storedPermits are more costly than
   * fresh permits, thus the RateLimiter becomes /slower/ after a period of underutilization.
   *

import com.google.caliper.Benchmark;
import org.jspecify.annotations.NullUnmarked;

/**
 * Simple benchmark: create, start, read. This does not currently report the most useful result
 * because it's ambiguous to what extent the stopwatch benchmark is being affected by GC.
 *
 * @author Kevin Bourrillion
 */
@NullUnmarked
public class StopwatchBenchmark {
  @Benchmark
  long stopwatch(int reps) {
    long total = 0;

     * extra state from AbstractFuture), our options are limited: A call to setException() would be
     * a no-op. We could log, but if that's what we really want, we should modify
     * AbstractFuture.executeListener to do so, since that method would have the ability to continue
     * to execute other listeners.
     *

We will talk a lot about the running "**process**", so it's useful to have clarity about what it means, and what's the difference with the word "**program**".

### What is a Program { #what-is-a-program }

The word **program** is commonly used to describe many things:

* The **code** that you write, the **Python files**.
* The **file** that can be **executed** by the operating system, for example: `python`, `python.exe` or `uvicorn`.