"/form-union/", data={"company_name": "Tech Corp", "industry": "Technology"}
    )
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "received": {"company_name": "Tech Corp", "industry": "Technology"}
    }


def test_invalid_form_data():
    response = client.post(
        "/form-union/",
        data={"name": "John", "company_name": "Tech Corp"},
    )

пользовательские заголовки, которые вы хотите показывать клиенту в браузере, вам нужно добавить их в настройки CORS (подробнее см. в [CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}), используя параметр `expose_headers`, описанный в <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/middleware/#corsmiddleware" class="external-link" target="_blank">документации Starlette по CORS</a>....

* a resposta de erro

* a operação de rota
* o decorador de operação de rota
* a função de operação de rota

* o corpo
* o corpo da requisição
* o corpo da resposta
* o corpo JSON
* o corpo do formulário
* o corpo do arquivo
* o corpo da função

* o parâmetro
* o parâmetro de corpo
* o parâmetro de path
* o parâmetro de query
* o parâmetro de cookie
* o parâmetro de header

En el tutorial principal leíste cómo agregar [Middleware Personalizado](../tutorial/middleware.md){.internal-link target=_blank} a tu aplicación.

Y luego también leíste cómo manejar [CORS con el `CORSMiddleware`](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

En esta sección veremos cómo usar otros middlewares.

## Agregando middlewares ASGI { #adding-asgi-middlewares }

///

/// note | Технические детали

In the main tutorial you read how to add [Custom Middleware](../tutorial/middleware.md){.internal-link target=_blank} to your application.

And then you also read how to handle [CORS with the `CORSMiddleware`](../tutorial/cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}.

In this section we'll see how to use other middlewares.

## Adding ASGI middlewares { #adding-asgi-middlewares }

But if you have custom headers that you want a client in a browser to be able to see, you need to add them to your CORS configurations ([CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank}) using the parameter `expose_headers` documented in <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/middleware/#corsmiddleware" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette's CORS docs</a>.

///

/// note | Technical Details

///

## 自定义头部

请注意，可以使用'X-'前缀添加自定义专有头部。

그러나 만약 클라이언트의 브라우저에서 볼 수 있는 사용자 정의 헤더를 가지고 있다면, 그것들을 CORS 설정([CORS (Cross-Origin Resource Sharing)](cors.md){.internal-link target=_blank})에 <a href="https://www.starlette.dev/middleware/#corsmiddleware" class="external-link" target="_blank">Starlette CORS 문서</a>에 명시된 `expose_headers` 매개변수를 이용하여 헤더들을 추가하여야합니다.

///

/// note | 기술적 세부사항

///

/// note | Technische Details