}

    @Test
    void testEncodeSourceOffsetBeyondLength() {
        // Test with source offset + length exceeding source array bounds
        byte[] data = { 0x01, 0x02 };
        // This constructor call itself should not throw an error, as it's just storing the values.
        // The error should occur when System.arraycopy is called.

    // we try hard to make them robust in practice.  We could additionally try to add in a system
    // load timeout multiplier.  Or we could try to use a CPU time bound instead of wall clock time
    // bound.  But these ideas are harder to implement.  We do not try to detect or handle a
    // user-specified -XX:+DisableExplicitGC.
    //
    // TODO(user): Consider using

import org.junit.jupiter.api.Test;

/**
 * Unit tests for {@link NegTokenTarg}. The class has no external
 * collaborators so tests are mostly focused on round‑trip
 * serialisation and invalid input handling.
 */
class NegTokenTargTest {

    @Test
    @DisplayName("happy path – full token round‑trip")
    void testRoundTripFull() throws IOException {
        // Arrange – create a fully populated token

import java.util.Set;
import org.jspecify.annotations.Nullable;

/**
 * Based on what a {@link Type} is, dispatch it to the corresponding {@code visit*} method. By
 * default, no recursion is done for type arguments or type bounds. But subclasses can opt to do
 * recursion by calling {@link #visit} for any {@code Type} while visitation is in progress. For
 * example, this can be used to reject wildcards or type variables contained in a type as in:
 *

    if (occurrences == 0) {
      return count(element);
    }
    int index = e.ordinal();
    int oldCount = counts[index];
    if (oldCount == 0) {
      return 0;
    } else if (oldCount <= occurrences) {
      counts[index] = 0;
      distinctElements--;
      size -= oldCount;
    } else {
      counts[index] = oldCount - occurrences;
      size -= occurrences;
    }
    return oldCount;
  }

            verify(mockBuffer).dec_ndr_short();
            assertEquals(largeValue, ndrShort.value);
        }
    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Round-trip Tests")
    class RoundTripTests {

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should handle encode-decode round-trip correctly")
        void testEncodeDecodeRoundTrip() throws NdrException {
            // Given: Original value that fits in byte range

    }

    /*
     * We need the top SIGNIFICAND_BITS + 1 bits, including the "implicit" one bit. To make rounding
     * easier, we pick out the top SIGNIFICAND_BITS + 2 bits, so we have one to help us round up or
     * down. twiceSignifFloor will contain the top SIGNIFICAND_BITS + 2 bits, and signifFloor the
     * top SIGNIFICAND_BITS + 1.
     *

    // we try hard to make them robust in practice.  We could additionally try to add in a system
    // load timeout multiplier.  Or we could try to use a CPU time bound instead of wall clock time
    // bound.  But these ideas are harder to implement.  We do not try to detect or handle a
    // user-specified -XX:+DisableExplicitGC.
    //
    // TODO(user): Consider using

            assertThrows(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> response.readBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0));
        }

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should throw exception when buffer index out of bounds")
        void testReadBytesWireFormatBufferIndexOutOfBounds() {
            // Given
            byte[] buffer = new byte[10];

            // When & Then

          // Four byte characters
          FOUR_BYTE_ROUNDTRIPPABLE_CHARACTERS;

  /** Tests that round tripping of all two byte permutations work. */
  @GwtIncompatible // java.nio.charset.Charset
  public void testIsWellFormed_1Byte() {
    testBytes(1, EXPECTED_ONE_BYTE_ROUNDTRIPPABLE_COUNT);
  }

  /** Tests that round tripping of all two byte permutations work. */
  @GwtIncompatible // java.nio.charset.Charset