def test_override_in_users():
    response = client.get("/users/")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "message": "Hello Users!",
        "params": {"q": None, "skip": 5, "limit": 10},
    }


def test_override_in_users_with_q():
    response = client.get("/users/?q=foo")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {

def test_override_in_users():
    response = client.get("/users/")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "message": "Hello Users!",
        "params": {"q": None, "skip": 5, "limit": 10},
    }


def test_override_in_users_with_q():
    response = client.get("/users/?q=foo")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {

## 响应模型编码参数

你的响应模型可以具有默认值，例如：

```Python hl_lines="11  13-14"
{!../../docs_src/response_model/tutorial004.py!}
```

* `description: Union[str, None] = None` 具有默认值 `None`。
* `tax: float = 10.5` 具有默认值 `10.5`.
* `tags: List[str] = []` 具有一个空列表作为默认值： `[]`.

但如果它们并没有存储实际的值，你可能想从结果中忽略它们的默认值。

举个例子，当你在 NoSQL 数据库中保存了具有许多可选属性的模型，但你又不想发送充满默认值的很长的 JSON 响应。

    assert response.json() == {"name": "Wrestlers", "size": None}


@needs_py39
def test_create(client: TestClient):
    response = client.put("/items/red", json={"name": "Chillies"})
    assert response.status_code == 201, response.text

app = FastAPI()


def write_log(message: str):
    with open("log.txt", mode="a") as log:
        log.write(message)


def get_query(background_tasks: BackgroundTasks, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    if q:
        message = f"found query: {q}\n"
        background_tasks.add_task(write_log, message)
    return q


@app.post("/send-notification/{email}")
async def send_notification(

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

//// tab | Python 3.10+

```Python hl_lines="7"
{!> ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002_py310.py!}
```

////

//// tab | Python 3.8+

```Python hl_lines="9"
{!> ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002.py!}
```

////

In diesem Fall wird der Funktionsparameter `q` optional, und standardmäßig `None` sein.

/// check

@item_router.get("/")
def get_items(user_id: Optional[str] = None):
    if user_id is None:
        return [{"item_id": "i1", "user_id": "u1"}, {"item_id": "i2", "user_id": "u2"}]
    else:
        return [{"item_id": "i2", "user_id": user_id}]


@item_router.get("/{item_id}")
def get_item(item_id: str, user_id: Optional[str] = None):
    if user_id is None:
        return {"item_id": item_id}
    else:

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
from typing_extensions import Annotated

app = FastAPI()


class FormModel(BaseModel):
    username: str
    lastname: str
    age: Optional[int] = None
    tags: List[str] = ["foo", "bar"]
    alias_with: str = Field(alias="with", default="nothing")


@app.post("/form/")
def post_form(user: Annotated[FormModel, Form()]):
    return user