如果我们想在测试中调用异步函数，那么我们的测试函数必须是异步的。 AnyIO 为此提供了一个简洁的插件，它允许我们指定一些测试函数要异步调用。

## HTTPX

即使您的 **FastAPI** 应用程序使用普通的 `def` 函数而不是 `async def` ，它本质上仍是一个 `async` 异步应用程序。

`TestClient` 在内部通过一些“魔法”操作，使得您可以在普通的 `def` 测试函数中调用异步的 FastAPI 应用程序，并使用标准的 pytest。但当我们在异步函数中使用它时，这种“魔法”就不再生效了。由于测试以异步方式运行，我们无法在测试函数中继续使用 `TestClient`。

`TestClient` 是基于 <a href="https://www.python-httpx.org" class="external-link" target="_blank">HTTPX</a> 的。幸运的是，我们可以直接使用它来测试API。

## 示例

{* ../../docs_src/middleware/tutorial001.py hl[8:9,11,14] *}

/// tip | Dica

Tenha em mente que cabeçalhos proprietários personalizados podem ser adicionados <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers" class="external-link" target="_blank">usando o prefixo 'X-'</a>.

import org.apache.maven.wagon.authentication.AuthenticationInfo;
import org.apache.maven.wagon.proxy.ProxyInfo;
import org.codehaus.plexus.logging.Logger;

/**
 * Manages <a href="https://maven.apache.org/wagon">Wagon</a> related operations in Maven.
 */
@Named
@Singleton
@Deprecated
public class DefaultWagonManager extends org.apache.maven.repository.legacy.DefaultWagonManager

     * <p>
     * Examples of locations:
     * <ul>
     *   <li>Absolute file path: {@code /path/to/pom.xml}</li>
     *   <li>Relative file path: {@code ../parent/pom.xml}</li>
     *   <li>URL: {@code https://repo.maven.org/.../pom.xml}</li>
     *   <li>Description: {@code <memory>} or {@code <database>}</li>
     * </ul>
     *
     * @return a non-null string describing the source location
     */
    @Nonnull

	testCases := []struct {
		older time.Duration
		dlURL string

		expectedSubStr string
	}{
		// Testcase index 0
		{72 * time.Hour, "my_download_url", "3 days before the latest release"},
		{3 * time.Hour, "https://my_download_url_is_huge/aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa", "3 hours before the latest release"},
		{-72 * time.Hour, "another_update_url", ""},
		{0, "another_update_url", ""},
		{time.Hour, "", ""},

import okhttp3.OkHttpClient

/**
 * Temporary registry of known DNS over HTTPS providers.
 *
 * https://github.com/curl/curl/wiki/DNS-over-HTTPS
 */
object DohProviders {
  private fun buildGoogle(bootstrapClient: OkHttpClient): DnsOverHttps =
    DnsOverHttps
      .Builder()
      .client(bootstrapClient)
      .url("https://dns.google/dns-query".toHttpUrl())

    * Einem Query-Parameter.
    * Einem Header.
    * Einem Cookie.
* `http`: Standard-HTTP-Authentifizierungssysteme, einschließlich:
    * `bearer`: ein Header `Authorization` mit dem Wert `Bearer` plus einem Token. Dies wird von OAuth2 geerbt.
    * HTTP Basic Authentication.
    * HTTP Digest, usw.
* `oauth2`: Alle OAuth2-Methoden zum Umgang mit Sicherheit (genannt „Flows“).

* `apiKey`: an application specific key that can come from:
    * A query parameter.
    * A header.
    * A cookie.
* `http`: standard HTTP authentication systems, including:
    * `bearer`: a header `Authorization` with a value of `Bearer ` plus a token. This is inherited from OAuth2.
    * HTTP Basic authentication.
    * HTTP Digest, etc.
* `oauth2`: all the OAuth2 ways to handle security (called "flows").

  // https://github.com/tlswg/tls13-spec/wiki/Implementations
  val urls =
    listOf(
      "https://enabled.tls13.com",
      "https://www.howsmyssl.com/a/check",
      "https://tls13.cloudflare.com",
      "https://www.allizom.org/robots.txt",
      "https://tls13.crypto.mozilla.org/",
      "https://tls.ctf.network/robots.txt",
      "https://rustls.jbp.io/",

 * CacheLoader}. Statistics about cache performance are exposed using {@link CacheStats}.
 *
 * <p>See the Guava User Guide article on <a
 * href="https://github.com/google/guava/wiki/CachesExplained">caches</a>.
 *
 * <p>This package is a part of the open-source <a href="https://github.com/google/guava">Guava</a>
 * library.
 *
 * @author Charles Fry
 */
@CheckReturnValue
@NullMarked
package com.google.common.cache;