* termination, or other problems, {@code to} may not be a complete copy of {@code from}. If you
   * need to guard against those conditions, you should employ other file-level synchronization.
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> If {@code to} represents an existing file, that file will be overwritten
   * with the contents of {@code from}. If {@code to} and {@code from} refer to the <i>same</i>
   * file, the contents of that file will be deleted.

   * null, null, null]} regardless of the true comparison order of those three values (which might
   * not even implement {@link Comparable} at all).
   *
   * <p><b>Warning:</b> by definition, this comparator is not <i>consistent with equals</i> (as
   * defined {@linkplain Comparator here}). Avoid its use in APIs, such as {@link
   * TreeSet#TreeSet(Comparator)}, where such consistency is expected.

 * {@link com.google.common.collect.Multiset} such as {@link
 * com.google.common.collect.ConcurrentHashMultiset} instead.
 *
 * <p><b>Warning:</b> Unlike {@code Multiset}, entries whose values are zero are not automatically
 * removed from the map. Instead they must be removed manually with {@link #removeAllZeros}.
 *
 * @author Charles Fry
 * @since 11.0
 */

   *
   * <p>Note however that if your escaper does not escape characters in the supplementary range, you
   * should either continue to validate the correctness of any surrogate characters encountered or
   * provide a clear warning to users that your escaper does not validate its input.
   *
   * <p>See {@link com.google.common.net.PercentEscaper} for an example.
   *
   * @param csq a sequence of characters

作用域是更精密的权限系统，遵循 OAuth2 标准，与 OpenAPI 应用（和 API 自动文档）集成。

OAuth2 也是脸书、谷歌、GitHub、微软、推特等第三方身份验证应用使用的机制。这些身份验证应用在用户登录应用时使用 OAuth2 提供指定权限。

脸书、谷歌、GitHub、微软、推特就是 OAuth2 作用域登录。

本章介绍如何在 **FastAPI** 应用中使用 OAuth2 作用域管理验证与授权。

/// warning | "警告"

本章内容较难，刚接触 FastAPI 的新手可以跳过。

OAuth2 作用域不是必需的，没有它，您也可以处理身份验证与授权。

但 OAuth2 作用域与 API（通过 OpenAPI）及 API 文档集成地更好。

不管怎么说，**FastAPI** 支持在代码中使用作用域或其它安全/授权需求项。

很多情况下，OAuth2 作用域就像一把牛刀。

<div class="termy">

```console
// Используйте команду "serve" после того, как отработает команда "build-all"
$ python ./scripts/docs.py serve

Warning: this is a very simple server. For development, use mkdocs serve instead.
This is here only to preview a site with translations already built.
Make sure you run the build-all command first.
Serving at: http://127.0.0.1:8008

In this section you will see how to manage authentication and authorization with the same OAuth2 with scopes in your **FastAPI** application.

/// warning

This is a more or less advanced section. If you are just starting, you can skip it.

You don't necessarily need OAuth2 scopes, and you can handle authentication and authorization however you want.

🔠 🕰 👆 "🕹 ⏮️" 👱📔, 🇺🇸🔍, 📂, 🤸‍♂, 👱📔, 👈 🈸 ⚙️ Oauth2️⃣ ⏮️ ↔.

👉 📄 👆 🔜 👀 ❔ 🛠️ 🤝 & ✔ ⏮️ 🎏 Oauth2️⃣ ⏮️ ↔ 👆 **FastAPI** 🈸.

/// warning

👉 🌅 ⚖️ 🌘 🏧 📄. 🚥 👆 ▶️, 👆 💪 🚶 ⚫️.

👆 🚫 🎯 💪 Oauth2️⃣ ↔, & 👆 💪 🍵 🤝 & ✔ 👐 👆 💚.

✋️ Oauth2️⃣ ⏮️ ↔ 💪 🎆 🛠️ 🔘 👆 🛠️ (⏮️ 🗄) & 👆 🛠️ 🩺.

}

@test "No duplicate files on Windows" {
    cat <<EOF
Please rename files so there are no repeats. For example, README.md and
Readme.md would be the same file on Windows. In this test, you would get a
warning for "readme.md" because it makes everything lowercase. There are
repeats of these filename(s) with different casing:
EOF
    find . | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]' | sort | uniq -d | tee $BATS_FILE_TMPDIR/repeats

									title="<la:message key="labels.development_mode_warning" />"
								><a class="nav-link active" href="${installationLink}" target="_olh"><em
										class="fa fa-exclamation-triangle text-warning"
									></a></li>
							</c:if>
							<c:choose>
								<c:when test="${!empty username && username != 'guest'}">
									<li class="nav-item">
										<div class="dropdown">