/// tip | Dica

Fazer com que o modelo de retorno garanta que um valor esteja sempre disponível e sempre seja um `int` (não `None`) é muito útil para os clientes da API, eles podem escrever código muito mais simples com essa certeza.

		"${PWD}/mc" cp /etc/hosts minio/bucket/testobj

		sudo chown -R ${USER}. "${WORK_DIR}/disk${i}"
	done

	for vid in $("${PWD}/mc" ls --json --versions minio/bucket/testobj | jq -r .versionId); do
		"${PWD}/mc" cat --vid "${vid}" minio/bucket/testobj | md5sum
	done

	pkill minio
	sleep 3
}

function main() {
	start_port=$(shuf -i 10000-65000 -n 1)

	start_minio_4drive ${start_port}

import static com.google.common.collect.testing.features.CollectionFeature.REJECTS_DUPLICATES_AT_CREATION;
import static com.google.common.collect.testing.features.CollectionSize.ONE;
import static com.google.common.collect.testing.features.CollectionSize.ZERO;
import static com.google.common.collect.testing.testers.ReflectionFreeAssertThrows.assertThrows;
import static java.util.Arrays.asList;

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    price: float
    is_offer: Union[bool, None] = None


@app.get("/")
def read_root():
    return {"Hello": "World"}


@app.get("/items/{item_id}")
def read_item(item_id: int, q: Union[str, None] = None):
    return {"item_id": item_id, "q": q}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):

## Необов'язкові параметри

Аналогічно, Ви можете оголосити необов’язкові query параметри, встановивши для них значення за замовчуванням `None`:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002_py310.py hl[7] *}

У цьому випадку параметр функції `q` буде необов’язковим і за замовчуванням матиме значення `None`.

/// check | Примітка

## Необязательные параметры

Аналогично, вы можете объявлять необязательные query-параметры, установив их значение по умолчанию, равное `None`:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial002_py310.py hl[7] *}

В этом случае, параметр  `q` будет не обязательным и будет иметь значение `None` по умолчанию.

/// check | Важно

      BigInteger plusHalfSquared = result.pow(2).add(result).shiftLeft(2).add(ONE);
      BigInteger x4 = x.shiftLeft(2);
      // sqrt(x) < result + 0.5, so 4 * x < (result + 0.5)^2 * 4
      // (result + 0.5)^2 * 4 = (result^2 + result)*4 + 1
      assertTrue(x4.compareTo(plusHalfSquared) < 0);
      BigInteger minusHalfSquared = result.pow(2).subtract(result).shiftLeft(2).add(ONE);
      // sqrt(x) > result - 0.5, so 4 * x > (result - 0.5)^2 * 4

	"time"

	"gorm.io/gorm"
)

// User has one `Account` (has one), many `Pets` (has many) and `Toys` (has many - polymorphic)
// He works in a Company (belongs to), he has a Manager (belongs to - single-table), and also managed a Team (has many - single-table)
// He speaks many languages (many to many) and has many friends (many to many - single-table)
// His pet also has one Toy (has one - polymorphic)

      .assertRequestHeader("Accept-Language", "en-US")
      .assertRequestHeader("Accept-Charset", "UTF-8")
      .assertRequestHeader("If-None-Match") // No If-None-Match on the user's request.
      .assertSentRequestAtMillis(request2SentAt, request2ReceivedAt)
      .assertReceivedResponseAtMillis(request2SentAt, request2ReceivedAt)

  }

  public void testForMapWithoutDefault() {
    Map<String, @Nullable Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
    map.put("One", 1);
    map.put("Three", 3);
    map.put("Null", null);
    Function<String, @Nullable Integer> function = Functions.forMap(map);

    assertEquals(1, function.apply("One").intValue());
    assertEquals(3, function.apply("Three").intValue());
    assertNull(function.apply("Null"));