app = test_module.app
    client = test_module.client
    app.dependency_overrides = None
    response = client.get("/items/?q=foo&skip=100&limit=200")
    assert response.status_code == 200, response.text
    assert response.json() == {
        "message": "Hello Items!",
        "params": {"q": "foo", "skip": 100, "limit": 200},

from fastapi import FastAPI, status

app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/", status_code=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)
async def create_item(name: str):

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(q: list[str] = Query(default=["foo", "bar"])):
    query_items = {"q": q}

from typing import Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, Header

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(x_token: Union[list[str], None] = Header(default=None)):

client = TestClient(app)

expected_schema = {
    "components": {
        "schemas": {
            "HTTPValidationError": {
                "properties": {
                    "detail": {
                        "items": {"$ref": "#/components/schemas/ValidationError"},
                        "title": "Detail",
                        "type": "array",
                    }
                },
                "title": "HTTPValidationError",

from typing import Annotated, Union

from fastapi import FastAPI, Query

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(q: Annotated[Union[list[str], None], Query()] = None):
    query_items = {"q": q}

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.on_event("shutdown")
def shutdown_event():
    with open("log.txt", mode="a") as log:
        log.write("Application shutdown")


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items():

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    size: float


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:

由于列表是带有"子类型"的类型，所以我们把子类型放在方括号中：

{* ../../docs_src/python_types/tutorial006.py hl[4] *}


这表示："变量 `items` 是一个 `list`，并且这个列表里的每一个元素都是 `str`"。

这样，即使在处理列表中的元素时，你的编辑器也可以提供支持。

没有类型，几乎是不可能实现下面这样：

<img src="https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/img/python-types/image05.png">

注意，变量 `item` 是列表 `items` 中的元素之一。

而且，编辑器仍然知道它是一个 `str`，并为此提供了支持。

#### 元组和集合

声明 `tuple` 和 `set` 的方法也是一样的：

constraints.URL.message = {item} is geen geldige URL.
constraints.Required.message = {item} is vereist.
constraints.TypeInteger.message = {item} moet een getal zijn.
constraints.TypeLong.message = {item} moet een getal zijn.
constraints.TypeFloat.message = {item} moet een getal zijn.
constraints.TypeDouble.message = {item} moet een getal zijn.
constraints.TypeAny.message = {item} kan niet worden geconverteerd naar {propertyType}.