在這種情況下（未使用 `Annotated`），我們必須用 `Query()` 取代函式中的預設值 `None`，因此需要用 `Query(default=None)` 來設定預設值；對 FastAPI 而言，這達到相同目的。

所以：

```Python
q: str | None = Query(default=None)
```

…會讓參數變為可選、預設值是 `None`，等同於：

```Python
q: str | None = None
```

但用 `Query` 的版本會明確宣告它是查詢參數。

接著，我們可以傳更多參數給 `Query`。此例中是用於字串的 `max_length` 參數：

```Python
q: str | None = Query(default=None, max_length=50)
```

from fastapi import Body, FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    full_name: str | None = None


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(
    item_id: int, item: Item, user: User, importance: Annotated[int, Body()]
):

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post(
    "/items/",
    summary="Create an item",
    description="Create an item with all the information, name, description, price, tax and a set of unique tags",
)

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str = Field(examples=["Foo"])
    description: str | None = Field(default=None, examples=["A very nice Item"])
    price: float = Field(examples=[35.4])
    tax: float | None = Field(default=None, examples=[3.2])


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def update_item(item_id: int, item: Item):
    results = {"item_id": item_id, "item": item}

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None
    price: float
    tax: float | None = None
    tags: set[str] = set()


@app.post("/items/", tags=["items"])
async def create_item(item: Item) -> Item:
    return item


@app.get("/items/", tags=["items"])
async def read_items():

class ReviewNode(BaseModel):
    author: Author | None = None
    state: str


class Reviews(BaseModel):
    nodes: list[ReviewNode]


class PullRequestNode(BaseModel):
    number: int
    labels: Labels
    author: Author | None = None
    title: str
    createdAt: datetime
    lastEditedAt: datetime | None = None
    updatedAt: datetime | None = None
    state: str
    reviews: Reviews

  metrics_path: /minio/v2/metrics/bucket
  scheme: http
  static_configs:
  - targets: ['localhost:9000']
```

##### Node (optional)

Optionally you can also collect per node metrics. This needs to be done on a per server instance.
The scrape configurations should use all the servers under `targets` so that graphing systems like
grafana can visualize them for all the nodes

```yaml
scrape_configs:
- job_name: minio-job

예를 들어, 어떤 값이 `str` 또는 `None`이 될 수 있다고 선언할 수 있습니다:

```python
from typing import Union


def say_hi(name: Union[str, None]):
        print(f"Hi {name}!")
```

`typing`에는 `None`이 될 수 있음을 선언하는 축약형으로 `Optional`도 있습니다.

아주 개인적인 관점에서의 팁입니다:

- 🚨 `Optional[SomeType]` 사용은 피하세요
- 대신 ✨ **`Union[SomeType, None]`를 사용하세요** ✨.

def test_raises_pydantic_v1_model_in_endpoint_param() -> None:
    class ParamModelV1(BaseModel):
        name: str

    app = FastAPI()

    with pytest.raises(PydanticV1NotSupportedError):

        @app.post("/param")
        def endpoint(data: ParamModelV1):  # pragma: no cover
            return data


def test_raises_pydantic_v1_model_in_return_type() -> None:
    class ReturnModelV1(BaseModel):
        name: str

items = {"foo": {"name": "Fighters", "size": 6}, "bar": {"name": "Tenders", "size": 3}}


@app.put("/items/{item_id}")
async def upsert_item(
    item_id: str,
    name: str | None = Body(default=None),
    size: int | None = Body(default=None),
):
    if item_id in items:
        item = items[item_id]
        item["name"] = name
        item["size"] = size
        return item
    else: