raise InternalError(
            f"The portal gun is too dangerous to be owned by {username}"
        )
    if item_id != "plumbus":
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=404, detail="Item not found, there's only a plumbus here"
        )

    assert response.json() == {
        "openapi": "3.1.0",
        "info": {"title": "FastAPI", "version": "0.1.0"},
        "paths": {
            "/items/": {
                "get": {
                    "summary": "Read Item",
                    "operationId": "read_item_items__get",
                    "parameters": [
                        {
                            "required": False,
                            "schema": {

Se você quiser proteger sua API, há várias coisas melhores que você pode fazer, por exemplo:

* Certifique-se de ter modelos Pydantic bem definidos para seus corpos de solicitação e respostas.
* Configure quaisquer permissões e funções necessárias usando dependências.
* Nunca armazene senhas em texto simples, apenas hashes de senha.

# MinIO Server Limits Per Tenant

For optimal production setup MinIO recommends Linux kernel version 4.x and later.

## Erasure Code (Multiple Drives / Servers)

| Item                                                            | Specification |
|:----------------------------------------------------------------|:--------------|
| Maximum number of servers per cluster                           | no-limit      |

            new_value = []
            for item in value:
                if isinstance(item, dict):
                    new_item = _replace_refs(
                        schema=item,
                        old_name_to_new_name_map=old_name_to_new_name_map,
                    )
                    new_value.append(new_item)

                else:
                    new_value.append(item)
            new_schema[key] = new_value

                    } else if (value instanceof List<?> list) {
                        for (Object item : list) {
                            if (item != null) {
                                String itemName = getSingular(field.getName());
                                processModelNode(item, fullPath + "/" + itemName, itemName, visited);
                            }
                        }

            "type": "value_error.missing"
        }
    ]
}
```

`needy` は必須のパラメータなので、URLにセットする必要があります:

```
http://127.0.0.1:8000/items/foo-item?needy=sooooneedy
```

...これはうまくいくでしょう:

```JSON
{
    "item_id": "foo-item",
    "needy": "sooooneedy"
}
```

そして当然、あるパラメータを必須に、別のパラメータにデフォルト値を設定し、また別のパラメータをオプショナルにできます:

{* ../../docs_src/query_params/tutorial006.py hl[10] *}

    return client


def test_get_no_item(client: TestClient):
    response = client.get("/items/foo")
    assert response.status_code == 404, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Item not found"}


def test_owner_error(client: TestClient):
    response = client.get("/items/plumbus")
    assert response.status_code == 400, response.text
    assert response.json() == {"detail": "Owner error: Rick"}

    # Update the viewport manually
    context = browser.new_context(viewport={"width": 960, "height": 1080})
    page = context.new_page()
    page.goto("http://localhost:8000/docs")
    page.get_by_text("POST/items/Create Item").click()
    page.get_by_role("tab", name="Schema").first.click()
    # Manually add the screenshot
    page.screenshot(
        path="docs/en/docs/img/tutorial/separate-openapi-schemas/image01.png"
    )

**FastAPI** 对此没有任何限制，可以**随意**互换使用这两种操作。

但本指南也会分别介绍这两种操作各自的用途。

///

### 使用 Pydantic 的 `exclude_unset` 参数

更新部分数据时，可以在 Pydantic 模型的 `.dict()` 中使用 `exclude_unset` 参数。

比如，`item.dict(exclude_unset=True)`。

这段代码生成的 `dict` 只包含创建 `item` 模型时显式设置的数据，而不包括默认值。

然后再用它生成一个只含已设置（在请求中所发送）数据，且省略了默认值的 `dict`：

{* ../../docs_src/body_updates/tutorial002.py hl[34] *}

### 使用 Pydantic 的 `update` 参数