* @param pathname
     *            The path to the file.
     * @param bytes
     *            The byte array to write.
     */
    public static void writeBytes(final String pathname, final byte[] bytes) {
        try (FileOutputStream fos = OutputStreamUtil.create(new File(pathname))) {
            ChannelUtil.write(fos.getChannel(), ByteBuffer.wrap(bytes));
        } catch (final IOException e) {

        byte[] dst = new byte[15]; // Increased buffer size to accommodate offset + 8 bytes
        int offset = 3; // start in the middle to ensure no tail is overwritten
        int bytesWritten = cmd.writeParametersWireFormat(dst, offset);
        assertEquals(8, bytesWritten, "writeParametersWireFormat should write 8 bytes");

        byte[] expected = expectedParameters(fid, securityInformation);

{* ../../docs_src/response_directly/tutorial002.py hl[1,18] *}

### `HTMLResponse` { #htmlresponse }

Takes some text or bytes and returns an HTML response, as you read above.

### `PlainTextResponse` { #plaintextresponse }

Takes some text or bytes and returns a plain text response.

{* ../../docs_src/custom_response/tutorial005.py hl[2,7,9] *}

### `JSONResponse` { #jsonresponse }

    }
  }

  companion object {
    /** Arbitrary code point that's 2 bytes in UTF-8 and valid in IdnaMappingTable.txt. */
    private const val UNICODE_2 = 0x1a5

    /** Arbitrary code point that's 3 bytes in UTF-8 and valid in IdnaMappingTable.txt. */
    private const val UNICODE_3 = 0x2202

    /** Arbitrary code point that's 4 bytes in UTF-8 and valid in IdnaMappingTable.txt. */
    private const val UNICODE_4 = 0x1d11e

        byte[] actualFileId = new byte[16];
        System.arraycopy(buffer, 80, actualFileId, 0, 16);
        assertArrayEquals(newFileId, actualFileId);

        assertEquals(96, bytesWritten); // 32 bytes header + 64 bytes info
    }

    // Helper interface for testing
    private interface TestFileInformation extends FileInformation, Encodable {
    }

        // Format: revision(1) + sbz1(1) + control(2) + ownerOffset(4) + groupOffset(4) + saclOffset(4) + daclOffset(4) = 20 bytes minimum
        byte[] securityDescriptorBytes = new byte[20];
        securityDescriptorBytes[0] = 1; // revision
        securityDescriptorBytes[1] = 0; // sbz1
        // control flags (2 bytes)
        securityDescriptorBytes[2] = 0;
        securityDescriptorBytes[3] = 0;

      accumulator = accumulator or (0xffL ushr accumulatorBitCount)
      sink.writeByte(accumulator.toInt())
    }
  }

  fun encodedLength(bytes: ByteString): Int {
    var bitCount = 0L

    for (i in 0 until bytes.size) {
      val byteIn = bytes[i] and 0xff
      bitCount += CODE_BIT_COUNTS[byteIn].toLong()
    }

    return ((bitCount + 7) shr 3).toInt() // Round up to an even byte.
  }

        }

        // Check for null bytes
        if (str.indexOf('\0') != -1) {
            failedValidations.incrementAndGet();
            log.warn("{} contains null bytes", fieldName);
            throw new SmbException(fieldName + " contains null bytes");
        }

        // Check for control characters
        for (int i = 0; i < str.length(); i++) {

            assertDoesNotThrow(() -> ctx.dispose());
        }
    }

    // Helper to build a minimal exported name token understood by MIEName(byte[])
    // Format: TOK_ID(2 bytes) | OID_LEN(2 bytes) | OID_DER | NAME_LEN(4 bytes) | NAME(bytes)
    private static byte[] buildExportName(Oid mech, String name) throws GSSException {
        byte[] der = mech.getDER();
        byte[] nb = name.getBytes();

  @Throws(IOException::class)
  fun flushRequest()

  /** Flush the request to the underlying socket and signal no more bytes will be transmitted. */
  @Throws(IOException::class)
  fun finishRequest()

  /**
   * Parses bytes of a response header from an HTTP transport.
   *
   * @param expectContinue true to return null if this is an intermediate response with a "100"