Any other utility function that you call directly can be created with normal `def` or `async def` and FastAPI won't affect the way you call it.

This is in contrast to the functions that FastAPI calls for you: *path operation functions* and dependencies.

import org.junit.Ignore;

/**
 * Superclass for all {@code Multimap} testers.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@GwtCompatible
@Ignore("test runners must not instantiate and run this directly, only via suites we build")
// @Ignore affects the Android test runner, which respects JUnit 4 annotations on JUnit 3 tests.
@SuppressWarnings("JUnit4ClassUsedInJUnit3")
@NullMarked
public abstract class AbstractMultimapTester<

///

## Embed a single body parameter { #embed-a-single-body-parameter }

Let's say you only have a single `item` body parameter from a Pydantic model `Item`.

By default, **FastAPI** will then expect its body directly.

But if you want it to expect a JSON with a key `item` and inside of it the model contents, as it does when you declare extra body parameters, you can use the special `Body` parameter `embed`:

```Python

    /**
     * Handles document redirection requests.
     * Validates the document ID, logs click events if enabled, and redirects
     * to the target URL or serves file content directly if configured.
     *
     * @param form the go form containing document ID and tracking parameters
     * @return action response for redirection or content streaming

	// Used in Set(), Marshal*()
	KVS jstream.KVS

	SelectFormat sql.SelectObjectFormat
}

// Get - gets the value for a column name.
func (r *Record) Get(name string) (*sql.Value, error) {
	// Get is implemented directly in the sql package.
	return nil, errors.New("not implemented here")
}

// Reset the record.
func (r *Record) Reset() {
	if len(r.KVS) > 0 {
		r.KVS = r.KVS[:0]
	}
}

          // if this is a concern we could add special cases for some known charsets (like utf8)
          // or we could avoid inputstreamreader and use the decoder api directly
          // TODO(lukes): in a real implementation we would need to handle overflow conditions
          int maxChars = (int) (size.get().intValue() * cs.newDecoder().maxCharsPerByte());
          char[] buffer = new char[maxChars];

**FastAPI** provides several middlewares in `fastapi.middleware` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But most of the available middlewares come directly from Starlette.

///

## `HTTPSRedirectMiddleware` { #httpsredirectmiddleware }

Enforces that all incoming requests must either be `https` or `wss`.

    /*
     * If signifRounded == 2^53, we'd need to set all of the significand bits to zero and add 1 to
     * the exponent. This is exactly the behavior we get from just adding signifRounded to bits
     * directly. If the exponent is MAX_DOUBLE_EXPONENT, we round up (correctly) to
     * Double.POSITIVE_INFINITY.
     */
    bits |= x.signum() & SIGN_MASK;
    return longBitsToDouble(bits);
  }

import java.util.Collection;
import org.junit.Ignore;

/**
 * Tests for {@link Multimap#get(Object)}.
 *
 * @author Louis Wasserman
 */
@GwtCompatible
@Ignore("test runners must not instantiate and run this directly, only via suites we build")
// @Ignore affects the Android test runner, which respects JUnit 4 annotations on JUnit 3 tests.
@SuppressWarnings("JUnit4ClassUsedInJUnit3")

   *     illustrated in the example above
   * @deprecated To preserve behavior, use {@code throw e} or {@code throw new RuntimeException(e)}
   *     directly, or use a combination of {@link #throwIfUnchecked} and {@code throw new
   *     RuntimeException(e)}. But consider whether users would be better off if your API threw a