assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception.getCause());

        // Test with empty string
        TransportException emptyException = new TransportException("");
        assertEquals("", emptyException.getMessage());

        // Test with null message

        assertEquals(message, ex.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, ex.getCause());
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should handle null message and/or cause without throwing")
    void testNullInputs() {
        assertDoesNotThrow(() -> {
            SpnegoException ex1 = new SpnegoException((String) null);
            assertNotNull(ex1);
            assertNull(ex1.getMessage());
            assertNull(ex1.getCause());

        assertEquals(messageCode, exception3Params.getMessageCode());
        assertEquals(message, exception3Params.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, exception3Params.getCause());

        assertEquals(messageCode, exception2Params.getMessageCode());
        assertEquals(message, exception2Params.getMessage());
        assertNull(exception2Params.getCause());
    }

        // Test getMessage method explicitly
        String testMessage = "Testing getMessage method";
        ResultOffsetExceededException exception = new ResultOffsetExceededException(testMessage);

        String retrievedMessage = exception.getMessage();
        assertEquals(testMessage, retrievedMessage);

        // Test that multiple calls return the same message
        assertEquals(retrievedMessage, exception.getMessage());

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(middleCause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals("Middle cause", exception.getCause().getMessage());
        assertEquals(rootCause, exception.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Root cause", exception.getCause().getCause().getMessage());
    }

    public void test_serialVersionUID() {

        assertEquals(rootCause, finalException.getCause().getCause());
        assertEquals("Final error", finalException.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Intermediate", intermediateCause.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Root error", rootCause.getMessage());
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should preserve stack trace")
    void testStackTracePreservation() {
        // When

        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().startsWith("Not Found: http://example.com/"));
        assertTrue(exception.getMessage().contains("Parent: http://example.com/"));
        assertNull(exception.getCause());
    }

    public void test_constructor_withUnicodeCharacters() {

        // Execute
        final SsoMessageException exception = new SsoMessageException(messageCode, message, cause);

        // Verify
        assertNotNull(exception);
        assertEquals(message, exception.getMessage());
        assertEquals(cause, exception.getCause());
        assertEquals(messageCode, exception.getMessageCode());
    }

    public void test_constructor_withMessageCodeAndMessage() {
        // Setup

        // Verify messages
        assertEquals("Top level", topLevel.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Level 1", level1.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Level 2", level2.getMessage());
        assertEquals("Level 3 - Root cause", level3.getMessage());
    }

    /**
     * Test serialization
     */
    public void test_serialization() throws Exception {

            TransportException wrapper = new TransportException("Wrapper", original);

            assertEquals("Wrapper", wrapper.getMessage());
            assertEquals(original, wrapper.getRootCause());
            assertEquals(originalMessage, ((TransportException) wrapper.getRootCause()).getMessage());
        }
    }