val topLevelFunctionalTests =
            topLevelCoverage
                .map { FunctionalTest(model, it.asConfigurationId(model), it.asName(), it.asName(), it, stage = stage) }
        topLevelFunctionalTests.forEach(this::buildType)

        val functionalTestProjects =
            allCoverage.map { testCoverage ->
                FunctionalTestProject(
                    model,

```JSON
{
    "name": "Foo",
    "price": 45.2
}
```

## Declare it as a parameter { #declare-it-as-a-parameter }

To add it to your *path operation*, declare it the same way you declared path and query parameters:

{* ../../docs_src/body/tutorial001_py310.py hl[16] *}

...and declare its type as the model you created, `Item`.

{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial005_an_py310.py hl[13] *}

Let's focus on the parameters declared:

* Even though this function is a dependency ("dependable") itself, it also declares another dependency (it "depends" on something else).
    * It depends on the `query_extractor`, and assigns the value returned by it to the parameter `q`.

////

## Upgrade `pip` { #upgrade-pip }

/// tip

If you use <a href="https://github.com/astral-sh/uv" class="external-link" target="_blank">`uv`</a> you would use it to install things instead of `pip`, so you don't need to upgrade `pip`. 😎

///

If you are using `pip` to install packages (it comes by default with Python), you should **upgrade** it to the latest version.

The `lifespan` parameter of the `FastAPI` app takes an **async context manager**, so we can pass our new `lifespan` async context manager to it.

{* ../../docs_src/events/tutorial003.py hl[22] *}

## Alternative Events (deprecated) { #alternative-events-deprecated }

/// warning

{* ../../docs_src/dependencies/tutorial001_an_py310.py hl[8:9] *}

That's it.

**2 lines**.

And it has the same shape and structure that all your *path operation functions* have.

You can think of it as a *path operation function* without the "decorator" (without the `@app.get("/some-path")`).

And it can return anything you want.

In this case, this dependency expects:

* An optional query parameter `q` that is a `str`.

Next, the browser would verify that the response is valid and encrypted with the right cryptographic key, etc. It would then **decrypt the response** and process it.

<img src="/img/deployment/https/https07.drawio.svg">

It might be useful, for example, to return custom headers or cookies.

## Return a `Response` { #return-a-response }

In fact, you can return any `Response` or any sub-class of it.

/// tip

`JSONResponse` itself is a sub-class of `Response`.

///

And when you return a `Response`, **FastAPI** will pass it directly.

In the case of our dependency `get_settings()`, the function doesn't even take any arguments, so it always returns the same value.

That way, it behaves almost as if it was just a global variable. But as it uses a dependency function, then we can override it easily for testing.

If you need to enforce it, use `OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict` instead of `OAuth2PasswordRequestForm`.

///

* An optional `client_id` (we don't need it for our example).
* An optional `client_secret` (we don't need it for our example).

/// info