En el camino de la request, el middleware más externo se ejecuta primero.

En el camino de la response, se ejecuta al final.

Por ejemplo:

```Python
app.add_middleware(MiddlewareA)

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None


app = FastAPI()


@app.post("/items/")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return item


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(
            name="Portal Gun",
            description="Device to travel through the multi-rick-verse",

state = initial_state.copy()

app = FastAPI()


async def get_database():
    temp_database = fake_database.copy()
    try:
        yield temp_database
        fake_database.update(temp_database)
    except HTTPException:
        state["except"] = True
        raise
    finally:
        state["finally"] = True


@app.put("/invalid-user/{user_id}")
def put_invalid_user(

        expires_delta=access_token_expires,
    )
    return Token(access_token=access_token, token_type="bearer")


@app.get("/users/me/", response_model=User)
async def read_users_me(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_active_user)):
    return current_user


@app.get("/users/me/items/")
async def read_own_items(
    current_user: User = Security(get_current_active_user, scopes=["items"]),
):

from fastapi import FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


@app.get("/")
async def read_main():

from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
from fastapi.testclient import TestClient

app = FastAPI()
router = APIRouter()


@router.route("/items/")
def read_items(request: Request):
    return JSONResponse({"hello": "world"})


app.include_router(router)

client = TestClient(app)


def test_sub_router():
    response = client.get("/items/")

from fastapi import FastAPI
from pydantic import BaseModel


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str
    description: str | None = None


app = FastAPI(separate_input_output_schemas=False)


@app.post("/items/")
def create_item(item: Item):
    return item


@app.get("/items/")
def read_items() -> list[Item]:
    return [
        Item(
            name="Portal Gun",

常见实例是调用外部第三方身份验证应用。

向第三方应用发送令牌，然后返回经验证的用户。

但第三方服务商处理每次请求都可能会收费，并且耗时通常也比调用写死的模拟测试用户更长。

一般只要测试一次外部验证应用就够了，不必每次测试都去调用。

此时，最好覆盖调用外部验证应用的依赖项，使用返回模拟测试用户的自定义依赖项就可以了。

### 使用 `app.dependency_overrides` 属性

对于这些用例，**FastAPI** 应用支持 `app.dependency_overrides` 属性，该属性就是**字典**。

要在测试时覆盖原有依赖项，这个字典的键应当是原依赖项（函数），值是覆盖依赖项（另一个函数）。

这样一来，**FastAPI** 就会调用覆盖依赖项，不再调用原依赖项。

Вебхуки доступны в OpenAPI 3.1.0 и выше, поддерживаются в FastAPI `0.99.0` и новее.

///

## Приложение с вебхуками { #an-app-with-webhooks }

При создании приложения на **FastAPI** есть атрибут `webhooks`, с помощью которого можно объявлять вебхуки так же, как вы объявляете операции пути (обработчики пути), например с `@app.webhooks.post()`.

{* ../../docs_src/openapi_webhooks/tutorial001_py39.py hl[9:13,36:53] *}

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI

app = FastAPI()


async def common_parameters(
    q: Union[str, None] = None, skip: int = 0, limit: int = 100
):
    return {"q": q, "skip": skip, "limit": limit}


@app.get("/items/")
async def read_items(commons: Annotated[dict, Depends(common_parameters)]):
    return commons


@app.get("/users/")