from fastapi import FastAPI
from fastapi.encoders import jsonable_encoder
from pydantic import BaseModel

app = FastAPI()


class Item(BaseModel):
    name: str | None = None
    description: str | None = None
    price: float | None = None
    tax: float = 10.5
    tags: list[str] = []


items = {
    "foo": {"name": "Foo", "price": 50.2},
    "bar": {"name": "Bar", "description": "The bartenders", "price": 62, "tax": 20.2},

        assertEquals(expectedDecodeLength, response.decode(buffer, bufferIndex));

        // Test encode method
        byte[] dst = new byte[512];
        int dstIndex = 0;
        int expectedEncodeLength = 64;
        when(response.encode(dst, dstIndex)).thenReturn(expectedEncodeLength);
        assertEquals(expectedEncodeLength, response.encode(dst, dstIndex));

        // Test digest methods

	s.data = ndata
}

// append single byte to scratch buffer
func (s *scratch) add(c byte) {
	if s.fill+1 >= cap(s.data) {
		s.grow()
	}

	s.data[s.fill] = c
	s.fill++
}

// append encoded rune to scratch buffer
func (s *scratch) addRune(r rune) int {
	if s.fill+utf8.UTFMax >= cap(s.data) {
		s.grow()
	}

	n := utf8.EncodeRune(s.data[s.fill:], r)
	s.fill += n
	return n

If you have a Pydantic model in your test and you want to send its data to the application during testing, you can use the `jsonable_encoder` described in [JSON Compatible Encoder](encoder.md).

///

## Run it { #run-it }

After that, you just need to install `pytest`.

[응답 모델](../tutorial/response-model.md)을 선언하면 FastAPI는 Pydantic을 사용해 데이터를 JSON으로 직렬화합니다.

응답 모델을 선언하지 않으면, FastAPI는 [JSON 호환 가능 인코더](../tutorial/encoder.md)에 설명된 `jsonable_encoder`를 사용해 데이터를 변환하고 이를 `JSONResponse`에 넣습니다.

또한 `JSONResponse`를 직접 생성해 반환할 수도 있습니다.

/// tip | 팁

当你创建一个 **FastAPI** *路径操作* 时，你可以正常返回以下任意一种数据：`dict`，`list`，Pydantic 模型，数据库模型等等。

如果你声明了 [响应模型](../tutorial/response-model.md)，FastAPI 会使用它通过 Pydantic 将数据序列化为 JSON。

如果你没有声明响应模型，**FastAPI** 会使用在 [JSON 兼容编码器](../tutorial/encoder.md) 中阐述的 `jsonable_encoder`。
然后，**FastAPI** 会在后台将这些兼容 JSON 的数据（比如字典）放到一个 `JSONResponse` 中，该 `JSONResponse` 会用来发送响应给客户端。

但是你可以在你的 *路径操作* 中直接返回一个 `JSONResponse`。

/// tip | 提示

			} else {
				s += ", \"bitrot_valid\": false"
			}
			if value {
				if utf8.Valid(data) {
					// Encode as JSON string.
					b, err := json.Marshal(string(data))
					if err == nil {
						s += `, "data_string": ` + string(b)
					}
				}
				// Base64 encode.
				s += `, "data_base64": "` + base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString(data) + `"`
			}
			s += "}"
		}

pkg image/png, const NoCompression = -1
pkg image/png, const NoCompression CompressionLevel
pkg image/png, method (*Encoder) Encode(io.Writer, image.Image) error
pkg image/png, type CompressionLevel int
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct
pkg image/png, type Encoder struct, CompressionLevel CompressionLevel

# CL 101750048 math: implement Nextafter32, Robert Griesemer <******@****.***>

  companion object {
    @JvmField
    val DEFAULT = Builder().build()

    @JvmStatic
    fun X509Certificate.sha1Hash(): ByteString = publicKey.encoded.toByteString().sha1()

    @JvmStatic
    fun X509Certificate.sha256Hash(): ByteString = publicKey.encoded.toByteString().sha256()

    /**
     * Returns the SHA-256 of `certificate`'s public key.
     *

        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Smb2LeaseKey(new byte[17]));
        assertThrows(IllegalArgumentException.class, () -> new Smb2LeaseKey(new byte[0]));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Should encode lease key to buffer")
    void testEncode() {
        byte[] testBytes = new byte[] { 0x11, 0x22, 0x33, 0x44, 0x55, 0x66, 0x77, (byte) 0x88, (byte) 0x99, (byte) 0xAA, (byte) 0xBB,