AvTimestamp avTimestamp = new AvTimestamp(rawBytes);

        assertEquals(expectedTimestamp, avTimestamp.getTimestamp());
    }

    /**
     * Test round-trip conversion: long -> bytes -> long.
     */
    @Test
    public void testRoundTripConversion() {
        long originalTimestamp = 543210987654321L;
        AvTimestamp avTimestamp = new AvTimestamp(originalTimestamp);

            assertEquals(4 + (2 * cipherCount), context.size());
        }
    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Round-trip Tests")
    class RoundTripTests {

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should encode and decode correctly with single cipher")
        void testRoundTripSingleCipher() throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {

                    Arguments.of(5, 10, 24), Arguments.of(10, 20, 44), Arguments.of(20, 32, 76));
        }
    }

    @Nested
    @DisplayName("Round-trip Tests")
    class RoundTripTests {

        @Test
        @DisplayName("Should encode and decode correctly with single hash algorithm and salt")

        byte[] buffer = new byte[0];
        assertThrows(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.class, () -> cmd.readBytesWireFormat(buffer, 0));
    }

    /**
     * Test round‑trip encoding/decoding of ranges using the public
     * {@link LockingAndXRange} encode/decode methods.
     */
    @Test
    void lockRangeEncodeDecodeRoundTrip() throws Exception {

        // getLastWriteTime returns lastWriteTime (from readUTime) + serverTimeZoneOffset
        // readUTime multiplies the seconds value by 1000, and writeUTime divides milliseconds by 1000
        // So the round-trip should preserve the milliseconds value
        assertEquals(sampleTimeMillis + serverTimeZoneOffset, response.getLastWriteTime());
        assertEquals(1024, response.getSize());
    }

    /**

        // NdrShort masks to 0xFF (8 bits) in its constructor
        int expected = input & 0xFF;
        assertEquals(expected, ns.value, "value should be masked to 0xFF before storing");
    }

    /**
     * Round-trip encode/decode for a selection of representative values.
     */
    @ParameterizedTest
    @ValueSource(ints = { 0, 42, 255, -1, 128 })
    void encodeDecodeRoundTrip(int original) throws Exception {

import jcifs.smb1.dcerpc.ndr.NdrBuffer;
import jcifs.smb1.dcerpc.ndr.NdrException;

/**
 * Unit tests for {@link DcerpcMessage}. The tests exercise flag handling,
 * result extraction, header encoding/decoding, and the round-trip of an
 * encode/decode operation.
 */
public class DcerpcMessageTest {

    /**
     * A trivial concrete subclass used for testing. It simply writes a
     * single small value in {@code encode_in} and reads it in

        FileBasicInfo decoded = new FileBasicInfo();
        decoded.decode(buffer, startIndex, 36); // decode only reads 36 bytes

        // Verify the values match after round-trip
        assertEquals(TEST_CREATE_TIME, decoded.getCreateTime());
        assertEquals(TEST_LAST_ACCESS_TIME, decoded.getLastAccessTime());
        assertEquals(TEST_LAST_WRITE_TIME, decoded.getLastWriteTime());

        // Reset and verify
        messageBlock.reset();
        verify(messageBlock).reset();
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test encode and decode round trip")
    void testEncodeDecodeRoundTrip() throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {
        // Given
        byte[] buffer = new byte[512];
        int encodeIndex = 0;
        int decodeIndex = 0;

        assertEquals(8, bytesRead);
        assertTrue(fileInfo.toString().contains("endOfFile=" + expectedValue));
    }

    @Test
    @DisplayName("Test encode and decode round trip")
    void testEncodeDecodeRoundTrip() throws SMBProtocolDecodingException {
        // Test various values
        long[] testValues = { 0L, 1L, -1L, Long.MAX_VALUE, Long.MIN_VALUE, 0x123456789ABCDEFL };