**FastAPI** provides the same `starlette.testclient` as `fastapi.testclient` just as a convenience for you, the developer. But it comes directly from Starlette.

///

/// tip

If you want to call `async` functions in your tests apart from sending requests to your FastAPI application (e.g. asynchronous database functions), have a look at the [Async Tests](../advanced/async-tests.md){.internal-link target=_blank} in the advanced tutorial.

///

        // we know ( [ )
        if (rangeMapEntry.getUpperBound().compareTo(rangeToRemove.upperBound) > 0) {
          // we know ( [ ] ), so insert the range ] ) back into the map --
          // it's being split apart
          putRangeMapEntry(
              rangeToRemove.upperBound,
              rangeMapEntry.getUpperBound(),
              mapEntryBelowToTruncate.getValue().getValue());
        }

      }
    }

    check(::publicSuffixListBytes.isInitialized) {
      // May have failed with an IOException
      "Unable to load $PUBLIC_SUFFIX_RESOURCE resource from the classpath."
    }

    // Break apart the domain into UTF-8 labels, i.e. foo.bar.com turns into [foo, bar, com].
    val domainLabelsUtf8Bytes = Array(domainLabels.size) { i -> domainLabels[i].toByteArray() }

* Editor support (completion, etc.), even for nested models
* Data conversion
* Data validation
* Automatic documentation

## Special types and validation

Apart from normal singular types like `str`, `int`, `float`, etc. you can use more complex singular types that inherit from `str`.

And that function takes parameters in the same way that *path operation functions* do.

/// tip

You'll see what other "things", apart from functions, can be used as dependencies in the next chapter.

///

Whenever a new request arrives, **FastAPI** will take care of:

* Calling your dependency ("dependable") function with the correct parameters.

* Data validation
* API annotation and automatic documentation

And you only have to declare them once.

///

## Add Labels to Translation PRs

When there's a PR for a translation, apart from adding the `lang-all` label, also add a label for the language.

There will be a label for each language using the language code, like `lang-{lang code}`, for example, `lang-es` for Spanish, `lang-fr` for French, etc.

- The IP addresses and drive paths below are for demonstration purposes only, you need to replace these with the actual IP addresses and drive paths/folders.
- Servers running distributed MinIO instances should be less than 15 minutes apart. You can enable [NTP](http://www.ntp.org/) service as a best practice to ensure same times across servers.
- `MINIO_DOMAIN` environment variable should be defined and exported for bucket DNS style support.

ciphertext  := sealed_chunk_0   ||       sealed_chunk_1   ||       sealed_chunk_2   ||       ...
```

In case of a S3 multi-part operation each part is en/decrypted with the scheme shown in Figure 1. However, for each part an unique secret key is derived from the OEK and the part number using a PRF. So in case of multi-part not the OEK but the output of `PRF(OEK, part_id)` is used as secret key.

#### Cryptographic Primitives

The JWT specification says that there's a key `sub`, with the subject of the token.

It's optional to use it, but that's where you would put the user's identification, so we are using it here.

JWT might be used for other things apart from identifying a user and allowing them to perform operations directly on your API.

For example, you could identify a "car" or a "blog post".